(Hypertension. 1995;25:155-161.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Hypertension and the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
Oxidative Stress and the Mediation of Arterial Inflammatory Response: A New Perspective
From the Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
Correspondence to R. Wayne Alexander, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, PO Drawer LL, Atlanta, GA 30322.
Abstract Hypertension is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, although the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. As the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the effects of hypertension are being more clearly defined, it becomes apparent that the two processes have certain common mechanisms. The endothelium is a likely central focus for the effect of both diseases. There is increasing evidence that atherosclerosis should be viewed fundamentally as an inflammatory disease. Atherogenic stimuli such as hyperlipidemia appear to activate the inflammatory response by causing expression of mononuclear leukocyte recruiting mechanisms. The gene for one of these, the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, is controlled at least in part by transcriptional factors regulated by oxidative stress, which modifies the redox state of the endothelial cell. Alterations in the redox state of the arterial wall also may contribute to vascular smooth muscle cell growth. In a somewhat parallel fashion, there is evidence that hypertension may also exert oxidative stress on the arterial wall. This article reviews evidence that leads to the postulate that hypertension predisposes to and accelerates atherosclerosis at least in part because of synergy between elevated blood pressure and other atherogenic stimuli to induce oxidative stress on the arterial wall.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • hypertension, essential • endothelium • muscle, smooth, vascular • stress
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M. Janiszewski, C. A Pasqualucci, L. C Souza, F. Pileggi, P. L da Luz, and F. R M. Laurindo Oxidized thiols markedly amplify the vascular response to balloon injury in rabbits through a redox active metal-dependent pathway Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 1998; 39(2): 327 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. DeGraba, A.-L. Siren, L. Penix, R. M. McCarron, R. Hargraves, S. Sood, K. D. Pettigrew, and J. M. Hallenbeck Increased Endothelial Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Symptomatic Versus Asymptomatic Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Stroke, July 1, 1998; 29(7): 1405 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Ghiadoni, S. Taddei, A. Virdis, I. Sudano, V. Di Legge, M. Meola, L. Di Venanzio, and A. Salvetti Endothelial Function and Common Carotid Artery Wall Thickening in Patients With Essential Hypertension Hypertension, July 1, 1998; 32(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Inoue, S. Kawashima, K.-I. Hirata, Y. Rikitake, S. Takeshita, W. Yamochi, H. Akita, and M. Yokoyama Stretch force on vascular smooth muscle cells enhances oxidation of LDL via superoxide production Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 1998; 274(6): H1928 - H1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sugiyama, K. Kugiyama, M. Ohgushi, T. Matsumura, Y. Ota, H. Doi, N. Ogata, H. Oka, and H. Yasue Supersensitivity of atherosclerotic artery to constrictor effect of cigarette smoke extract Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1998; 38(2): 508 - 515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. D. Pierdomenico, F. Costantini, A. Bucci, D. De Cesare, F. Cuccurullo, and A. Mezzetti Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Vitamins E and C in Sustained and White-Coat Hypertension Hypertension, February 1, 1998; 31(2): 621 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Inoue, S. Kawashima, K. Kanazawa, S. Yamada, H. Akita, and M. Yokoyama Polymorphism of the NADH/NADPH Oxidase p22 phox Gene in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, January 20, 1998; 97(2): 135 - 137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.J. Chiu, B.S. Wung, J. Y.J. Shyy, H.J. Hsieh, and D.L. Wang Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Shear Stress-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3570 - 3577. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Q. Capers IV, R. W. Alexander, P. Lou, P. Hector De Leon, J. N. Wilcox, N. Ishizaka, A. B. Howard, and W. R. Taylor Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Aortic Tissues of Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, December 1, 1997; 30(6): 1397 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Takizawa, M. Gu, A. V. Chobanian, and P. Brecher Effect of Nitric Oxide on DNA Replication Induced by Angiotensin II in Rat Cardiac Fibroblasts Hypertension, November 1, 1997; 30(5): 1035 - 1040. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Ruef, Z. Y. Hu, L.-Y. Yin, Y. Wu, S. R. Hanson, A. B. Kelly, L. A. Harker, G. N. Rao, M. S. Runge, and C. Patterson Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Balloon-Injured Baboon Arteries : A Novel Role for Reactive Oxygen Species in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., July 19, 1997; 81(1): 24 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Biol. Chem., April 11, 1997; 272(15): 9922 - 9932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Fukui*, N. Ishizaka*, S. Rajagopalan, J. B. Laursen, Q. Capers, W. R. Taylor, D. G. Harrison, H. de Leon, J. N. Wilcox, and K. K. Griendling p22phox mRNA Expression and NADPH Oxidase Activity Are Increased in Aortas From Hypertensive Rats Circ. Res., January 1, 1997; 80(1): 45 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. V. Chobanian and R. W. Alexander Exacerbation of Atherosclerosis by Hypertension: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications Arch Intern Med, September 23, 1996; 156(17): 1952 - 1956. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Kelm, M. Preik, D. J. Hafner, and B. E. Strauer Evidence for a Multifactorial Process Involved in the Impaired Flow Response to Nitric Oxide in Hypertensive Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction Hypertension, March 1, 1996; 27(3): 346 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Bouriquet, M. Dupont, A. Herizi, A. Mimran, and D. Casellas Preglomerular Sudanophilia in L-NAME Hypertensive Rats : Involvement of Endothelin Hypertension, March 1, 1996; 27(3): 382 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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