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Hypertension. 1995;25:305-313

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(Hypertension. 1995;25:305-313.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.


Articles

Prevalence of Hypertension in the US Adult Population

Results From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991

Vicki L. Burt; Paul Whelton; Edward J. Roccella; Clarice Brown; Jeffrey A. Cutler; Millicent Higgins; Michael J. Horan; Darwin Labarthe

From the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Md (V.L.B.); Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md (P.W.); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.J.R., C.B., J.A.C., M.H., M.J.H.); and the University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, School of Public Health (D.L.).

Correspondence to Vicki L. Burt, ScM, RN, Division of Health Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Room 1070, Hyattsville, MD 20782.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to estimate the current prevalence and distribution of hypertension and to determine the status of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in the US adult population. The study used a cross-sectional survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States, including an in-home interview and a clinic examination, each of which included measurement of blood pressure. Data for 9901 participants 18 years of age and older from phase 1 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected from 1988 through 1991, were used. Twenty-four percent of the US adult population representing 43 186 000 persons had hypertension. The age-adjusted prevalence in the non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican American populations was 32.4%, 23.3%, and 22.6%, respectively. Overall, two thirds of the population with hypertension were aware of their diagnosis (69%), and a majority were taking prescribed medication (53%). Only one third of Mexican Americans with hypertension were being treated (35%), and only 14% achieved control in contrast to 25% and 24% of the non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white populations with hypertension, respectively. Almost 13 million adults classified as being normotensive reported being told on one or more occasions that they had hypertension; 51% of this group reported current adherence to lifestyle changes to control their hypertension. Hypertension continues to be a common finding in the general population. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension have improved substantially since the 1976-1980 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey but continue to be suboptimal, especially in Mexican Americans. Consideration should be given to revision of the criteria for classification of hypertension to reflect the widespread use of lifestyle modification for treatment of hypertension.


Key Words: hypertension, essential • blood pressure • prevalence • cross-sectional studies • NHANES




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Psychosom. Med.Home page
J.-B. Choi, S. Hong, R. Nelesen, W. A. Bardwell, L. Natarajan, C. Schubert, and J. E. Dimsdale
Age and Ethnicity Differences in Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2006; 68(3): 421 - 426.
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HypertensionHome page
N. Kupper, D. Ge, F. A. Treiber, and H. Snieder
Emergence of Novel Genetic Effects on Blood Pressure and Hemodynamics in Adolescence: The Georgia Cardiovascular Twin Study
Hypertension, May 1, 2006; 47(5): 948 - 954.
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West J Nurs ResHome page
M. J. Johnson and S. Rogers
Development of the Purposeful Action Medication-Taking Questionnaire
West J Nurs Res, April 1, 2006; 28(3): 335 - 351.
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HypertensionHome page
W. Wang, E. T. Lee, R. R. Fabsitz, R. Devereux, L. Best, T. K. Welty, and B. V. Howard
A Longitudinal Study of Hypertension Risk Factors and Their Relation to Cardiovascular Disease: The Strong Heart Study
Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 403 - 409.
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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
G. L. Gierach, B. D. Johnson, C. N. Bairey Merz, S. F. Kelsey, V. Bittner, M. B. Olson, L. J. Shaw, S. Mankad, C. J. Pepine, S. E. Reis, et al.
Hypertension, Menopause, and Coronary Artery Disease Risk in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S50 - S58.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
S. L. Sommer, T. J. Berndt, E. Frank, J. B. Patel, M. M. Redfield, X. Dong, M. D. Griffin, J. P. Grande, J. M. A. van Deursen, G. C. Sieck, et al.
Elevated blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy after ablation of the gly96/IEX-1 gene
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2006; 100(2): 707 - 716.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
C. A. Stidley, W. C. Hunt, F. Tentori, D. Schmidt, M. Rohrscheib, S. Paine, E. J. Bedrick, K. B. Meyer, H. K. Johnson, P. G. Zager, et al.
Changing Relationship of Blood Pressure with Mortality over Time among Hemodialysis Patients
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 513 - 520.
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CirculationHome page
Q. Gu, R. Paulose-Ram, C. Dillon, and V. Burt
Antihypertensive Medication Use Among US Adults With Hypertension
Circulation, January 17, 2006; 113(2): 213 - 221.
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Health Promot PractHome page
G. N. Graham, B. Leath, K. Payne, M. Guendelman, G. Reynolds, S. Kim, B. James, D. Ware, M. Hunter, A. Burwell, et al.
Perceived Versus Actual Risk for Hypertension and Diabetes in the African American Community
Health Promot Pract, January 1, 2006; 7(1): 34 - 46.
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Arch NeurolHome page
C. H. Wilkins, E. A. Grant, S. E. Schmitt, D. W. McKeel, and J. C. Morris
The Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease in African American and White Individuals
Arch Neurol, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 87 - 90.
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StrokeHome page
M. H. Freitag, R. Peila, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer
Midlife Pulse Pressure and Incidence of Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 33 - 37.
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CirculationHome page
R. P. Mason, L. Kalinowski, R. F. Jacob, A. M. Jacoby, and T. Malinski
Nebivolol Reduces Nitroxidative Stress and Restores Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Endothelium of Black Americans
Circulation, December 13, 2005; 112(24): 3795 - 3801.
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Clin TrialsHome page
V. J Carey, L. Bishop, J. Charleston, P. Conlin, T. Erlinger, N. Laranjo, P. McCarron, E. Miller, B. Rosner, J. Swain, et al.
Rationale and design of the Optimal Macro-Nutrient Intake Heart Trial to Prevent Heart Disease (OMNI-Heart)
Clinical Trials, December 1, 2005; 2(6): 529 - 537.
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Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
J. F. Reckelhoff, L. L. Yanes, R. Iliescu, L. A. Fortepiani, and J. P. Granger
Testosterone supplementation in aging men and women: possible impact on cardiovascular-renal disease
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): F941 - F948.
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ptjournalHome page
N. F Taylor, K. J Dodd, and D. L Damiano
Progressive Resistance Exercise in Physical Therapy: A Summary of Systematic Reviews
Physical Therapy, November 1, 2005; 85(11): 1208 - 1223.
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Arch Intern MedHome page
D. B. Panagiotakos, D. Kromhout, A. Menotti, C. Chrysohoou, A. Dontas, C. Pitsavos, H. Adachi, H. Blackburn, S. Nedeljkovic, and A. Nissinen
The Relation Between Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular Mortality in 12 763 Middle-aged Men From Various Parts of the World: A 25-Year Follow-up of the Seven Countries Study
Arch Intern Med, October 10, 2005; 165(18): 2142 - 2147.
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J Aging HealthHome page
T. B. Hong, E. Z. Oddone, T. K. Dudley, and H. B. Bosworth
Subjective and Objective Evaluations of Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Veterans with Hypertension
J Aging Health, October 1, 2005; 17(5): 592 - 608.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
A. Page, H. Reich, J. Zhou, V. Lai, D. C. Cattran, J. W. Scholey, and J. A. Miller
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene/Gender Interactions and the Renal Hemodynamic Response to Angiotensin II
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 3053 - 3060.
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HypertensionHome page
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, A. S. Patel, K. A. Matthews, R. C. Pasternak, S. A. Everson-Rose, A. Scuteri, and C. U. Chae
Ethnic Variation in Hypertension Among Premenopausal and Perimenopausal Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 689 - 695.
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HypertensionHome page
M. Quinkler, I. J. Bujalska, K. Kaur, C. U. Onyimba, S. Buhner, B. Allolio, S. V. Hughes, M. Hewison, and P. M. Stewart
Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of the {alpha}-Subunit of the Epithelial Sodium Channel in Human Kidney
Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 787 - 798.
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CirculationHome page
T. J. Wang and R. S. Vasan
Epidemiology of Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States
Circulation, September 13, 2005; 112(11): 1651 - 1662.
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Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
J. D. Imig
Epoxide hydrolase and epoxygenase metabolites as therapeutic targets for renal diseases
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): F496 - F503.
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CirculationHome page
C. M. Burchfiel, T. N. Skelton, M. E. Andrew, R. J. Garrison, D. K. Arnett, D. W. Jones, and H. A. Taylor Jr
Metabolic Syndrome and Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass in Blacks: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 819 - 827.
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JAMAHome page
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, J. C. Evans, and D. Levy
Hypertension in Adults Across the Age Spectrum: Current Outcomes and Control in the Community
JAMA, July 27, 2005; 294(4): 466 - 472.
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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
Y. Arad, K. J. Goodman, M. Roth, D. Newstein, and A. D. Guerci
Coronary Calcification, Coronary Disease Risk Factors, C-Reactive Protein, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events: The St. Francis Heart Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 5, 2005; 46(1): 158 - 165.
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Am J EpidemiolHome page
P. Ordunez, J. L. B. Munoz, A. Espinosa-Brito, L. C. Silva, and R. S. Cooper
Ethnicity, Education, and Blood Pressure in Cuba
Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2005; 162(1): 49 - 56.
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HypertensionHome page
F. J. He, N. D. Markandu, and G. A. MacGregor
Modest Salt Reduction Lowers Blood Pressure in Isolated Systolic Hypertension and Combined Hypertension
Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 66 - 70.
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HypertensionHome page
C. M. McEniery, Yasmin, S. Wallace, K. Maki-Petaja, B. McDonnell, J. E. Sharman, C. Retallick, S. S. Franklin, M. J. Brown, R. C. Lloyd, et al.
Increased Stroke Volume and Aortic Stiffness Contribute to Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young Adults
Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 221 - 226.
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Arch Intern MedHome page
L. L. Moore, A. J. Visioni, M. M. Qureshi, M. L. Bradlee, R. C. Ellison, and R. D'Agostino
Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Long-term Risk of Hypertension: The Framingham Study
Arch Intern Med, June 13, 2005; 165(11): 1298 - 1303.
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HypertensionHome page
L. Mazzaro, S. J. Almasi, R. Shandas, D. R. Seals, and P. E. Gates
Aortic Input Impedance Increases With Age in Healthy Men and Women
Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1101 - 1106.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]