Hypertension, Vol 3, 557-565, Copyright © 1981 by American Heart Association
MH Criqui, RB Wallace, M Mishkel, E Barrett-Connor and G Heiss
The relationship between alcohol consumption and systolic and diastolic
blood pressure (BP) was examined in 2482 men and 2301 women 20 years of age
or older in nine North American populations. Men at the highest level of
alcohol consumption (greater than or equal to 30 ml alcohol per day) had
the highest BP, while women either at the highest level of alcohol
consumption or consuming no alcohol had the highest BP. Men aged greater
than or equal to 35 years of age consuming greater than or equal to 30 ml
alcohol per day were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be hypertensive than
non-drinkers. Multivariate analysis showed systolic and diastolic BP in
both men and women to be positively and significantly (p less than 0.05)
related to alcohol consumption, and this relationship was independent of
the potential confounding effects of age, obesity, cigarette smoking,
regular exercise, education, and gonadal hormone use in women. The
regression coefficients indicated that an average of 30 ml of alcohol per
day would produce a 2 to 6 mm Hg increase in systolic BP. Analyses
suggested the univariate U-shaped alcohol-BP association in women was
confounded by differences in obesity and cigarette smoking in nondrinking
women, and by very low alcohol consumption in hypertensive women using
medication. Additional analyses indicated that alcohol consumed in the 24
hours prior to the study was much more strongly associated with elevated BP
than alcohol consumed in the week prior to the study excluding the previous
24 hours. We conclude that alcohol appears to have a modest but consistent
and independent effect on systolic and diastolic BP.
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