(Hypertension. 1998;31:162.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Workshop on Vascular Biology & Hypertension: From Molecules to Humans |
Effects of Mechanical Forces on Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells
From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Correspondence to Shu Chien, MD, PhD, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412. E-mail schien{at}bioeng.ucsd.edu
Fluid shear stress and circumferential stretch play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the blood vessel, and they can also be pathophysiological factors in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. The uses of flow channels and stretch devices as in vitro models have helped to elucidate the mechanisms of signal transduction and gene expression in cultured endothelial cells in response to shear stress, which is a function of blood flow and vascular geometry, or mechanical strain, which is a function of transmural pressure and the mechanical properties and geometry of the vessel. Shear stress has been found to increase the activities of a number of kinases to modulate the phosphorylation of many signaling proteins in endothelial cells, eg, the proteins in focal adhesion sites and the proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Downstream to such signaling cascades, multiple transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-
B, Sp-1, and Egr-1 are activated. The actions of these transcription factors on the corresponding cis-elements result in the induction of genes encoding for vasoactivators, adhesion molecules, monocyte chemoattractants, and growth factors in endothelial cells, thus modulating vascular structure and function. Some of the effects of mechanical strain on endothelial cells are similar to those by shear stress, eg, the signaling pathways and the genes activated, but there are differences, eg, the time course of the responses. Studies on the effects of mechanical forces on signal transduction and gene expression provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which hemodynamic factors regulate vascular physiology and pathophysiology.
Key Words: endothelial cells • hemodynamic forces • mechanical strain • mechanotransduction • shear stress • vascular biology
Abbreviations: EC = vascular endothelial cell • ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase • ET-1 = endothelin-1 • FAK = focal adhesion kinase • ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule 1 • IE = intermediate early • JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase • MAPKs = mitogen-activated protein kinases • MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein-1 • NO = nitric oxide • NOS = nitric oxide synthase • PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor • TF = tissue factor • PTKs = protein tyrosine kinases • Sos = son of sevenless • TRE = phorbol ester tissue 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-responsive element
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M. MAYR, C. LI, Y. ZOU, U. HUEMER, Y. HU, and Q. XU Biomechanical stress-induced apoptosis in vein grafts involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases FASEB J, February 1, 2000; 14(2): 261 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 C. Urbich, M. Fritzenwanger, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Laminar Shear Stress Upregulates the Complement-Inhibitory Protein Clusterin : A Novel Potent Defense Mechanism Against Complement-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation Circulation, February 1, 2000; 101(4): 352 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Gosgnach, M. Challah, F. Coulet, J.-B. Michel, and T. Battle Shear stress induces angiotensin converting enzyme expression in cultured smooth muscle cells: possible involvement of bFGF Cardiovasc Res, January 14, 2000; 45(2): 486 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. M. Malek, S. L. Alper, and S. Izumo Hemodynamic Shear Stress and Its Role in Atherosclerosis JAMA, December 1, 1999; 282(21): 2035 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Q. Liu Focal Expression of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor and Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in the Neointima of Experimental Vein Grafts : Relation to Eddy Blood Flow Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 1999; 19(11): 2630 - 2639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Wei, K. Costa, A. B. Al-Mehdi, C. Dodia, V. Muzykantov, and A. B. Fisher Simulated Ischemia in Flow-Adapted Endothelial Cells Leads to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Signaling Circ. Res., October 15, 1999; 85(8): 682 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. G. Luke Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: pathogenesis and prevalence : Essential hypertension is an important cause of end-stage renal disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 1999; 14(10): 2271 - 2278. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Wang, L. Verna, S. Hardy, J. Forsayeth, Y. Zhu, and M. B. Stemerman Adenovirus-Mediated Overexpression of c-Jun and c-Fos Induces Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Human Endothelial Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 1999; 19(9): 2078 - 2084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Fukai, M. R. Siegfried, M. Ushio-Fukai, K. K. Griendling, and D. G. Harrison Modulation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Expression by Angiotensin II and Hypertension Circ. Res., July 9, 1999; 85(1): 23 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. E. Vlahakis, M. A. Schroeder, A. H. Limper, and R. D. Hubmayr Stretch induces cytokine release by alveolar epithelial cells in vitro Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): L167 - L173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. H. BURGER and J. KLEIN-NULEND Mechanotransduction in bone—role of the lacuno-canalicular network FASEB J, May 1, 1999; 13(9001): 101 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fan and K. B. Walsh Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Voltage-Gated Potassium Currents in Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., March 5, 1999; 84(4): 451 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. C. Luft, E. Mervaala, D. N. Muller, V. Gross, F. Schmidt, J. K. Park, C. Schmitz, A. Lippoldt, V. Breu, R. Dechend, et al. Hypertension-Induced End-Organ Damage : A New Transgenic Approach to an Old Problem Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 212 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Cheng, B.-S. Wung, Y.-J. Chao, and D. L. Wang Sequential Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC)-alpha and PKC-epsilon Contributes to Sustained Raf/ERK1/2 Activation in Endothelial Cells under Mechanical Strain J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(33): 31368 - 31375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Jalali, M. A. del Pozo, K.-D. Chen, H. Miao, Y.-S. Li, M. A. Schwartz, J. Y.-J. Shyy, and S. Chien Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction requires its dynamic interaction with specific extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands PNAS, January 30, 2001; 98(3): 1042 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Brooks, P. I. Lelkes, and G. M. Rubanyi Gene expression profiling of human aortic endothelial cells exposed to disturbed flow and steady laminar flow Physiol Genomics, April 10, 2002; 9(1): 27 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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