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(Hypertension. 2000;35:1124.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.

Scientific Contributions

Estimation of Skeletal Muscle Interstitial Adenosine During Forearm Dynamic Exercise in Humans

Fernando Costa; John Heusinkveld; Robert Ballog; Stephen Davis; Italo Biaggioni

From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.

Correspondence to Italo Biaggioni, MD, 1500 21st Ave S, Suite 3500, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8210. E-mail Italo.biaggioni{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu

Abstract—It has been proposed that adenosine is a metabolic signal that triggers activation of muscle afferents involved in the exercise pressor reflex. Furthermore, exogenous adenosine induces sympathetic activation that mimics the exercise pressor reflex, and blockade of adenosine receptors inhibits sympathetic activation induced by exercise. Thus, we hypothesize that adenosine is released locally by the muscle during exercise. We used microdialysis probes, placed in the flexor digitorium superficialis muscle, to estimate muscle interstitial adenosine levels in humans. We estimated resting in vivo muscle interstitial adenosine concentrations (0.292±0.058 µmol/L, n=4) by perfusing increasing concentrations of adenosine to determine the gradient produced in the dialysate. Muscle interstitial adenosine concentrations increased from 0.23±0.04 to 0.82±0.14 µmol/L (n=14, P<0.001) during intermittent dynamic exercise at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction. Lactate increased from 0.8±0.1 to 2.3±0.3 mmol/L (P<0.001). Lower intensity (15% maximal voluntary contraction) intermittent dynamic exercise increased adenosine concentrations from 0.104±0.02 to 0.42±0.16 µmol/L (n=7). The addition of ischemia to this low level of exercise produced a greater increase in adenosine (from 0.095±0.02 to 0.48±0.2 µmol/L) compared with nonischemic exercise (0.095±0.02 to 0.25±0.12 µmol/L). These results indicate that microdialysis is useful in estimating adenosine concentrations and in reflecting changes in muscle interstitial adenosine during dynamic exercise in humans.

Key Words: microdialysis • adenosine • muscle, skeletal • exercise • lactates

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