Published Online
on February 7, 2008

A more recent version of this article appeared on April 1, 2008

This Article Free upon publication Full Text (PDF) Data Supplement All Versions of this Article: 51/4/1073    most recent HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107821v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions patientINFORMation Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Wang, L. Articles by Sesso, H. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Wang, L. Articles by Sesso, H. D. Related Collections Primary prevention Other etiology Epidemiology

Submitted on December 3, 2007
Revised on December 21, 2007

Dietary Intake of Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D and the Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Older Women

Lu Wang^*; JoAnn E. Manson; Julie E. Buring; I-Min Lee; and Howard D. Sesso

From the Division of Preventive Medicine (L.W., J.E.M., J.E.B., I.-M.L., H.D.S.), and the Division of Aging (J.E.B., H.D.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and the Department of Epidemiology (J.E.M., J.E.B., I.-M.L.), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: luwang{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu.

Abstract—Prospective data on the associations between intake of dairy products and its nutrient components with risk of hypertension remain limited. We therefore investigated the associations of intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D with the incidence of hypertension in a prospective cohort of 28 886 US women aged 45 years. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D at baseline were assessed from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. Incident cases of hypertension (n=8710) were identified from annual follow-up questionnaires during 10 years of follow-up. After adjusting for major hypertension risk factors, the relative risks of incident hypertension across increasing quintiles of low-fat dairy product intake were 1.00 (reference), 0.98, 0.97, 0.95, and 0.89 (P for trend: 0.001). The risk of hypertension decreased in the higher quintiles of dietary calcium (multivariate relative risk in the highest quintile: 0.87) and dietary vitamin D (multivariate relative risk in the highest quintile: 0.95), but did not change with calcium or vitamin D supplements. Adjustment for dietary calcium significantly attenuated the inverse association of low-fat dairy intake with risk of hypertension, whereas adjustment for dietary vitamin D did not change the association. The multivariate relative risks across increasing quintiles of high-fat dairy product intake, in contrast, were 1.00, 1.02, 1.01, 1.00, and 0.97 (P for trend: 0.17). Our study found that intakes of low-fat dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D were each inversely associated with risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women, suggesting their potential roles in the primary prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular complications.

Key words: diet • dairy products • calcium • vitamin D • hypertension • women • population study

Find additional patient-related information at:

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3055292

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Almirall, M. Vaqueiro, M. L. Bare, and E. Anton Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and high arterial blood pressure in the elderly Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 11, 2009; (2009) gfp470v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F Engberink, M. A. Hendriksen, E. G Schouten, F. J. van Rooij, A. Hofman, J. C. Witteman, and J. M Geleijnse Inverse association between dairy intake and hypertension: the Rotterdam Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2009; 89(6): 1877 - 1883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. Engberink, J. M. Geleijnse, N. de Jong, H. A. Smit, F. J. Kok, and W. M. M. Verschuren Dairy Intake, Blood Pressure, and Incident Hypertension in a General Dutch Population J. Nutr., March 1, 2009; 139(3): 582 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Nunez-Cordoba, F. Valencia-Serrano, E. Toledo, A. Alonso, and M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez The Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Hypertension: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2009; 169(3): 339 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Nicklas, C. E. O'Neil, and V. L. Fulgoni III The Role of Dairy in Meeting the Recommendations for Shortfall Nutrients in the American Diet J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2009; 28(Supplement_1): 73S - 81S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Kris-Etherton, J. A. Grieger, K. F. Hilpert, and S. G. West Milk Products, Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure Management J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2009; 28(Supplement_1): 103S - 119S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Lamarche Review of the Effect of Dairy Products on Non-Lipid Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2008; 27(6): 741S - 746S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Margolis, R. M. Ray, L. Van Horn, J. E. Manson, M. A. Allison, H. R. Black, S. A.A. Beresford, S. A. Connelly, J. D. Curb, R. H. Grimm Jr, et al. Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial Hypertension, November 1, 2008; 52(5): 847 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Geleijnse Vitamin D and Hypertension: Does the Women's Health Initiative Solve the Question? Hypertension, November 1, 2008; 52(5): 803 - 804. [Full Text] [PDF]