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(Hypertension. 1996;27:7-13.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Paracrine Systems in the Cardioprotective Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
From the Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich.
Correspondence to Oscar A. Carretero, MD, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit MI 48202-2689.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethods Results Discussion References |
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Abstract After transient episodes of ischemia, benefits of thrombolytic or angioplastic therapy may be limited by reperfusion injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury, an effect mediated by kinins. We examined whether the protective effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramiprilat on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion is due to kinin stimulation of prostaglandin and/or nitric oxide release. The left anterior descending coronary artery of Lewis inbred rats was occluded for 30 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Immediately before reperfusion rats were treated with vehicle, ramiprilat, or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. We tested whether pretreatment with the kinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin blocked the effect of ramiprilat on infarct size and reperfusion arrhythmias. In controls, infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was 79±3%; ramiprilat reduced this to 49±4% (P<.001), but losartan had little effect (74±6%, P=NS). Pretreatment with Hoe 140, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, or indomethacin abolished the beneficial effect of ramiprilat. Compared with the 30-minute ischemia/120-minute reperfusion group, nonreperfused hearts with 30 minutes of ischemia had significantly smaller infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk, whereas in the 150-minute ischemia group it was significantly larger. This suggests that reperfusion caused a significant part of the myocardial injury, but it also suggests that compared with prolonged ischemia, reperfusion salvaged some of the myocardium. Ventricular arrhythmias mirrored the changes in infarct size. Thus, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors protect the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury and arrhythmias; these beneficial effects are mediated primarily by a kinin–prostaglandin–nitric oxide pathway, not inhibition of angiotensin II formation.
Key Words: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors • ischemia • myocardial reperfusion injury • myocardial infarction • kinins • nitric oxide • prostaglandins
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethods Results Discussion References |
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Myocardial ischemia due to coronary occlusion results in myocardial cell necrosis. After transient episodes of myocardial ischemia, the benefits of thrombolytic or angioplastic therapy in restoring blood flow may be limited by reperfusion injury. Although reperfusion can salvage the myocardium, the damaging effect of reperfusion injury per se may accelerate tissue necrosis with reversible myocardial injury. The mechanism and prevention of reperfusion injury have been the focus of intensive investigation (for review, see References 1 through 3). Many clinical and experimental studies have established the therapeutic benefits of ACE inhibitors, not only in treating hypertension and congestive heart failure but also in reducing reinfarction, limiting infarct size, and reducing reperfusion arrhythmias.4 5 6 7 ACE inhibitors block not only formation of Ang II but also degradation of kinins. Martorana et al8 reported that in acute dog studies intracoronary bradykinin reduced infarct size to the same extent as the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat, whereas the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (D-Arg,[Hyp2,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]-bradykinin) abolished the effect of ramiprilat. Recently, Hartman et al9 10 demonstrated that in rabbits ramiprilat reduced infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, whereas the Ang II type 1 antagonist losartan did not, and that this cardioprotective effect was mediated by kinins.
In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the decrease in myocardial infarct size produced by ACE inhibitors during ischemia/reperfusion injury is due to inhibition of kinin degradation, which in turn stimulates release of endothelial prostaglandins and NO. Our study focused on (1) whether the reduction of myocardial infarct size caused by ramiprilat is also observed in rats (as it is in rabbits and dogs11 ); (2) whether this protective effect is mediated by prostaglandins, as determined by blockade with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin; (3) whether the effect is mediated by NO, as determined by administration of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME; and (4) whether attenuation of reperfusion arrhythmias occurs in rats in vivo, since ACE inhibitors reduced reperfusion arrhythmias in the isolated rat heart. We used Lewis inbred rats instead of the Sprague-Dawley strain because (1) our preliminary studies showed that the branching pattern of their left coronary arteries is very similar; (2) there is less variation in infarct size created by ligation of the same coronary arterial site; and (3) even though infarcts were larger, mortality rates were lower compared with Sprague-Dawley rats.
We induced ischemia and immediately before reperfusion treated rats with either vehicle, ramiprilat, or the Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan. Thus any protective effect could only occur during the reperfusion period. We tested whether pretreatment with the kinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140, the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin could negate the beneficial effects of the ACE inhibitor.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethods Results Discussion References |
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Male Lewis inbred rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass) weighing 280 to 330 g were housed in an air-conditioned room with a 12-hour light/dark cycle; they received standard laboratory rat chow (0.4% sodium) and drank tap water. Rats were given 5 to 7 days to adjust to their new environment. The study was approved by the Henry Ford Hospital Care of Experimental Animals Committee. All surgical procedures were performed with rats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (50 mg/kg IP).
Hemodynamics and
Electrocardiography
A polyethylene catheter (PE-10 fused to PE-50) was
inserted into
the abdominal aorta via the femoral artery for measurement of
arterial pressure and a second catheter into the vena cava
via the femoral vein for administration of drugs. Mean blood pressure
and heart rate were measured with a pressure transducer connected
to a processor (Micron MP15) and monitored on a two-channel
recorder (Brush 220, Gould Instruments).
Electrocardiograms were obtained by subcutaneously
inserting needle electrodes into the limbs and displaying the signal on
an oscilloscope. An analog tape recorder (3968 A, Hewlett-Packard)
was used for recordings of the electrocardiographic lead II
signal, beginning 1 minute before reperfusion and continuing for 30
minutes. The duration of ventricular
tachycardia and incidence of ventricular
premature beats were analyzed. Ventricular
tachycardia was defined as a run of four or more
consecutive ventricular premature beats. Blood pressure and
the electrocardiogram were monitored throughout the
experiment and recorded during the control period; 15 and 30
minutes of occlusion; and 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of
reperfusion.
Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion and Measurements of
Myocardial Infarct Size and Area at Risk
Rats were intubated and
ventilated with room air. A thoracotomy
was performed in the fourth intercostal space, and the lungs were
retracted to expose the heart. After an incision was made in the
pericardium, a 6-0 silk suture was passed loosely around the left
anterior descending coronary artery. Both ends were threaded
through a vinyl tube to form a snare, which was then fixed by clamping
it with a hemostat to facilitate coronary occlusion and
reperfusion. Once hemodynamics had stabilized, heparin
(100 U) was given and coronary occlusion performed by
tightening the suture loop for 30 minutes. Occlusion was verified by
regional cyanosis of the myocardial surface distal to the suture,
accompanied by changes in arterial pressure and elevation
of the ST segment on the electrocardiogram. After 30
minutes the loop was loosened and reperfused as verified by return of
the original color. The chest was closed in layers and the rat placed
on a heating pad for recovery. After 120 minutes of reperfusion the
rats were reanesthetized, and an additional 100 U heparin
was administered. The loop around the left anterior descending
coronary artery was retightened, and 5% Evans blue was rapidly
injected into the LV to distinguish the nonischemic area
from the area at risk. The heart was then excised, and the atria, great
vessels, and right ventricle were dissected. The LV was cut into four
slices perpendicular to the base-apex axis. The slices were
incubated in a phosphate-buffered solution of
triphenyltetrazolium chloride in saline for
15 to 30 minutes. Noninfarcted myocardium stained brick red
in the presence of dehydrogenase enzymes, whereas necrotic tissue
(infarct) remained unstained because of lack of enzymes. Each slice was
photographed, magnified, and projected onto a screen. A planimeter
was used for measurement of infarcted area (uncolored), area at risk
(uncolored plus brick red), and nonoccluded area (blue-stained).
The following parameters were averaged across the four
slices for each heart: infarct size expressed as a percentage of the
area at risk; infarct size expressed as a percentage of the total area
of the slice (infarct size/LV); and area at risk, expressed as a
percentage of the total area of the slice (risk area/LV).
In seven rats reperfusion after release of coronary ligation was confirmed by infusion of radioactive microspheres into the LV during the ischemic period and reperfusion. Microspheres (DuPont–New England Nuclear) with a diameter of 15±1.5 µm labeled with either 141Ce or 85Sr were suspended in 3.5 mol/L glucose at a concentration of 400 000/mL with the use of 0.01% Tween-80 as an antiaggregant and were agitated ultrasonically for approximately 15 minutes. After coronary ligation a volume of 0.2 mL of the suspension, corresponding to approximately 80 000 microspheres, was infused into the LV over 20 seconds via a 26-gauge needle. Two minutes after reperfusion was started, the second set of microspheres was infused. Five minutes later the coronary artery was again ligated and Evans blue solution infused into the LV for clear demarcation of the ischemic and nonischemic regions of the heart. These two sections were separated from each other and radioactivity counted with a Packard gamma counter at dual window settings of 50 to 250 and 400 to 700 MeV and a sample level of 0.5 cm. Results were expressed as a percentage of total radioactivity in the heart normalized per milligram tissue. During coronary occlusion only 7.4±4.2% radioactivity was in the ischemic region and 92.6±4.2% in the nonischemic region. In contrast, during reperfusion the distribution was 60.2±2.1% and 39.8±2.1%, respectively, clearly indicating that reperfusion had occurred.
Experimental Groups
Rats were randomly divided into nine
groups: (1) treated with
vehicle (saline, 0.3 mL) before reperfusion, (2) treated with
ramiprilat (50 µg/kg) before reperfusion, (3) treated
with losartan (10 mg/kg) before reperfusion, (4) pretreated
with Hoe 140 (1 µg/kg) 15 minutes before coronary occlusion
and then with vehicle before reperfusion, (5) pretreated with Hoe 140
before coronary occlusion and then ramiprilat
before reperfusion, (6) pretreated with indomethacin
(10 mg/kg) and then with vehicle before reperfusion, (7) pretreated
with indomethacin and then with ramiprilat
before reperfusion, (8) pretreated with L-NAME (10 mg/kg) before
coronary occlusion and then with vehicle, and (9) pretreated
with L-NAME and then with ramiprilat before reperfusion.
All test agents were dissolved in saline. Hoe 140, L-NAME, or
indomethacin was always given as an
intravenous bolus injection 15 minutes before
coronary occlusion to allow adequate time for inhibition.
Vehicle, ramiprilat, or losartan was administered
just before reperfusion as a slow bolus; thus their effect occurred
only during reperfusion. L-NAME and indomethacin were
purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Ramiprilat was
donated by Upjohn Co, Hoe 140 by Hoechst, and losartan by
DuPont-Merck.
We used 16 additional rats to study the effect of ischemia without reperfusion on myocardial infarct size. Half of the rats underwent coronary ligation for 30 minutes and the other half for 150 minutes. Evans blue was rapidly injected into the LV, and the heart slices were treated with a 3% sucrose solution in 0.2 phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and shaken in a rotator (Baxter) for 30 minutes for removal of the dehydrogenase enzyme from the necrotic myocytes. Then the slices were incubated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride for another 30 minutes, and infarct size was determined as in the ischemia/reperfusion study.
We used five rats to test whether the dose
of losartan (10
mg/kg IV) could block the mean blood pressure response to exogenous Ang
II (25, 50, and 100 ng). Dose-response curves were obtained before
and 15 minutes and 2 hours after losartan administration. Ang
II induced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure that was
blocked by losartan at both 15 and 120 minutes
(P<.025) (Fig 1a
). We used another five rats
to test the effect of ramiprilat (50 µg/kg) with and
without the kinin antagonist Hoe 140 (1 µg/kg IV) on the
blood pressure response to bradykinin (25, 50, and 100 ng).
Ramiprilat potentiated the blood pressure response to
exogenous bradykinin (P<.01) (Fig 1b); this
potentiation
was attenuated 15 minutes after Hoe 140 treatment but did not attain
statistical significance (Fig 1b) and was not present after 2
hours
(Fig 1c). All drugs were given intravenously. The
experiments involved closed-chest preparations in which myocardial
ischemia was not produced.
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) and 15 minutes (
) and 2 hours
(
) after treatment with losartan (n=5).
*P<.05 vs before losartan. b and c, Line graphs
show blood pressure response to bradykinin (BK) in rats treated with
ramiprilat alone (
) or ramiprilat plus
Hoe 140 (
) 15 minutes (b) and 2 hours (c) after Hoe 140 (n=5).
**P<.01 vs before ramiprilat. In b, 
indicates blood pressure response in rats not treated with either
ramiprilat or Hoe 140.
Statistical Analysis
Data are shown as mean±SE. For
drug action and
hemodynamic studies, univariate
repeated-measures ANOVA with the Greenhouse-Geisser sphericity
correction was used for comparison of the blood pressure response to
drugs across the three time points. For myocardial infarct size and
reperfusion arrhythmias, Student's one-sided
two-sample t test was used for assessment of differences
between groups. Welch's correction was used when intergroup variances
were not equal. The overall 
level was .05 for each variable of
interest. Because two groups were compared with the controls and three
groups were compared with the ramiprilat group, the
significance criterion for a given test was set at values of
P=.025 for two groups or P=.017 for three
(Bonferroni's correction).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethods Results Discussion References |
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Of the 98 rats studied, 5 died of ventricular fibrillation or cardiac shock during coronary occlusion; they were not included in the study because they were neither treated nor reperfused. Three others were rejected because reperfusion was not observed. All data from these 8 rats were excluded. The remaining 82 rats were divided into nine groups as follows: (1) controls (n=11), (2) ramiprilat (n=14), (3) Hoe 140 (n=8), (4) Hoe 140 plus ramiprilat (n=11), (5) losartan (n=8), (6) L-NAME (n=7), (7) L-NAME plus ramiprilat (n=8), (8) indomethacin (n=7), and (9) indomethacin plus ramiprilat (n=8).
Hemodynamics
Blood pressure was decreased during occlusion
and remained reduced
during the reperfusion period in all groups compared with baseline
(before coronary occlusion). There were no significant
differences between saline and drug groups, except for the rats given
L-NAME or L-NAME plus ramiprilat, in which blood
pressure was significantly higher during the occlusion and reperfusion
periods (P<.01) (Table 1).
In all groups heart rate remained essentially unchanged throughout the
experiment (Table 2).
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Myocardial Infarct Size in Ischemia With
Reperfusion
Fig 2 shows the effect of
ramiprilat and losartan on myocardial infarct size.
In vehicle-treated rats infarct size/risk area was 79±3% and
infarct size/LV was 41±2%. Ramiprilat significantly
reduced infarct size/risk area to 49±4% and infarct size/LV to
22±2% (P<.001). Losartan did not
reduce either parameter (74±6% and 37±4%,
respectively). The protective effect of ramiprilat was
blocked by Hoe 140 (Fig 3). In the Hoe 140 plus
ramiprilat group, infarct size/risk area was 77±3% and
infarct size/LV was 39±2%, significantly larger than in the
ramiprilat group (P<.001) but no different from
values in controls.
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The protective effect of ramiprilat was also
blocked by
indomethacin or L-NAME (Fig 4). In the
indomethacin plus ramiprilat group, infarct
size/risk area was 78±3% (P<.001 versus
ramiprilat alone) and infarct size/LV was 41±4%
(P<.001 versus ramiprilat alone). In the
L-NAME plus ramiprilat group, infarct size/risk
area was 81±3% (P<.001 versus ramiprilat
alone) and infarct size/LV was 41±2% (P<.001 versus
ramiprilat alone). Hoe 140, indomethacin,
or L-NAME alone had no effect (Fig 5). Risk area/LV was
identical in all experimental groups compared with controls (Fig
6).
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Myocardial infarct size in rats with 30 minutes of
ligation
without reperfusion was 41±3% of the area at risk, significantly
smaller than in rats with 30 minutes of ligation and 120 minutes of
reperfusion (79±3%, P<.01). Infarct size in rats with 150
minutes of ligation without reperfusion was 91±2% of the area at
risk, significantly larger than in rats with reperfusion
(P<.05) (Fig 7). There were no significant
differences in risk area of the LV in these three groups (44±2%,
49±2%, and 44±2%), indicating that reperfusion caused myocardial
damage but in the meantime salvaged some of the ischemic
myocardium.
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Reperfusion Arrhythmias
Fig 8 shows the effect
of ramiprilat
and losartan on the mean duration of sustained
ventricular tachycardia and the incidence of
ventricular premature beats. In saline controls the average
duration of ventricular tachycardia was
18.63±1.25 seconds, and the total number of ventricular
premature beats was 148±10. Ramiprilat
significantly reduced the duration to 10.3±2.7 seconds
(P<.025) and the number of ventricular
premature beats to 87±19 (P<.05). Losartan
increased the duration of ventricular
tachycardia to 26.25±3.02 seconds and number of
ventricular premature beats to 223±20 (P<.01).
The effect of ramiprilat on arrhythmias was
attenuated by pretreatment with Hoe 140 (22.0±4.61 seconds,
P<.05; and 190±36, P<.025 versus
ramiprilat alone), indomethacin
(28.25±4.38 seconds, P<.01; and 191±24,
P<.05), and L-NAME (19.13±2.79 seconds, P<.05
versus ramiprilat alone; and 204±49, P=.06)
(Fig 9).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethods Results Discussion References |
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Our studies showed that the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat reduces myocardial infarct size and reperfusion arrhythmias after acute coronary occlusion/reperfusion in vivo in rats and that these cardioprotective effects are blocked by the kinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140. Losartan had no effect on infarct size but tended to increase reperfusion arrhythmias. The effects of ramiprilat were also blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin and the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Taken together, these results suggest that the cardioprotective effect of ACE inhibitors is mediated by kinins via stimulation of prostaglandin and NO release. These observations support the involvement of paracrine/autocrine hormones such as kinins, prostaglandins, and NO in the cardioprotective effect of ACE inhibitors.12 13 14
Recent studies have explored the question of whether reduction of infarct size is independent of Ang II synthesis inhibition. Noda et al15 reported that in anesthetized and bilaterally nephrectomized dogs, the ACE inhibitor captopril reduced infarct size after 90 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. They linked reduction of ischemic damage to increased kinin levels in the local anterior interventricular vein. Hartman et al9 10 found that in rabbits with coronary occlusion/reperfusion the cardioprotective effect of ramiprilat was abolished by Hoe 140, whereas the Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan had no protective effect. Although the precise mechanisms by which ACE inhibitors protect the myocardium from ischemic injury are not fully understood, the findings that ramiprilat reduced infarct size and Hoe 140 reversed this effect indicate that the cardioprotective effect of ramiprilat is mediated by kinins. Kinins may be generated by kallikrein originating from the arterial wall and/or myocardium. We have found that kallikrein mRNA is present in vascular tissue and myocardium and that kallikrein is synthesized and released from these regions. In addition, kininogen, the kallikrein substrate, has been found in both vascular tissue and myocardium.16 17 Thus kinins may be generated locally by the tissue kallikrein-kinin system. Another possibility is that ischemia induces endothelial damage. The damaged vascular tissue may activate plasma prekallikrein, which in turn generates kinins from circulating high molecular weight kininogen or tissue-bound kininogen.13 (Our study did not permit us to differentiate whether kinins were generated by plasma or tissue kallikrein.) Kinins are known to be potent stimulators of the release of prostaglandins and NO from the endothelium.18 19 These autacoids may protect the myocardium via their effects on vasodilation, which in turn causes myocardial blood flow to increase; however, this is unlikely, because the rat coronary collateral circulation is not very effective. Furthermore, in our study the protective effect of the ACE inhibitor occurred during reperfusion, and our microsphere experiments suggest that during reperfusion blood flow to the ischemic region is significantly increased. Another possibility is that NO exerts an inhibitory effect on polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are known to play an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, platelet aggregation, or both.3 20
It has been shown that administration of an NO donor or L-arginine (a substrate of NO synthase)21 22 or prostaglandin I2 and its analogues23 24 is effective in protecting the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury. In in vitro experiments with isolated rat aortas, vascular prostaglandin I2 production was stimulated by ACE inhibitors and could be blocked completely by a kinin antagonist.11 25 However, we know of no in vivo data indicating that potentiation of endogenous prostaglandins and/or NO is involved in the cardioprotective effect of ACE inhibitors. Our in vivo study showed (we believe for the first time) that inhibition of endogenous prostaglandins and NO with indomethacin or L-NAME can block the beneficial effect of an ACE inhibitor, indicating that the cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors are mediated by prostaglandins and NO. Since formation of oxygen-derived free radicals such as superoxide is increased during myocardial reperfusion,26 it is likely that kinin- and prostaglandin I2–stimulated NO release would potentiate scavenging of superoxide, which might contribute to the myocardial protective effects of ACE inhibitors.26 27 28 29
Myocardial infarct size at 150 minutes of ischemia without reperfusion was larger than in ischemia with reperfusion, indicating that reperfusion salvaged some of the ischemic myocardium. However, infarct size in rats with 30 minutes of ligation but no reperfusion was significantly smaller than in those with reperfusion, indicating that reperfusion also injured the myocardium. The final infarct size may depend on a balance between beneficial and injurious effects of reperfusion. Drug intervention was carried out 5 minutes before reperfusion, suggesting that the ACE inhibitor protected the myocardium against reperfusion injury.
In addition to these beneficial effects on myocardial infarction, ACE inhibitors have also been found to exert an antiarrhythmic action on the isolated rat heart.29 30 31 Several investigators have demonstrated significant reduction of reperfusion arrhythmias.32 33 Our in vivo data showed that ramiprilat reduced the mean duration of ventricular tachycardia and the total number of ventricular premature beats during reperfusion and that this effect was blocked by Hoe 140, L-NAME, or indomethacin (although the tendency of Hoe 140 and L-NAME to reverse the action of ramiprilat was marginal by Bonferroni's correction). These data suggest that kinins, prostaglandins, and NO also play an important role in the antiarrhythmic effect of ACE inhibitors. Although the mechanism is not clear, it may be related to reduction of infarct size. Also, kinins are known to stimulate glucose uptake by myocytes, which may reduce potassium loss and maintain the normal action potential duration34 as well as stimulate the release of prostacyclin and NO, thereby lessening the release of catecholamines. Our results also showed that this antiarrhythmic effect was not related to the formation of Ang II, because the mean duration of ventricular tachycardia and the total number of ventricular premature beats were even higher in the losartan-treated group. We have no immediate explanation for this.
In our study L-NAME by itself did not increase infarct size. This may be related to the fact that although this inhibitor blocks NO synthesis, it also blocks O2- formation.35 It could be that normally there is a balance between the protective effect of NO and the harmful effect of the free radical. The dose of Hoe 140 we used was the same as that used by Hartman et al9 10 in their rabbit model. Blockade of the blood pressure response to exogenous bradykinin at 15 minutes was small and was not present 2 hours after Hoe 140 treatment. It is possible that Hoe 140 blocks kinin receptors at the tissue level and endogenous kinins are released very slowly. This situation may be completely different from the bolus administration of exogenous bradykinin, in which kinin concentrations in the circulation suddenly increase; nevertheless, this finding was unexpected.
In summary, we have demonstrated that the ACE inhibitor ramiprilat is able to reduce myocardial infarct size and attenuate reperfusion arrhythmias in vivo in a rat ischemia/reperfusion model. These effects can be reversed by the kinin antagonist Hoe 140, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, or the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. This effect of ramiprilat is not related to an Ang II–dependent mechanism. We speculate that ACE inhibitors block kinin degradation and kinins stimulate synthesis of prostaglandins and NO, which act synergistically to protect the myocardium during ischemia.
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Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant HL-28982-12 and by a grant from Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corp. We are grateful to Upjohn Co for donating ramiprilat, Hoechst for donating Hoe 140, and DuPont-Merck for providing losartan.
Received February 7, 1995; first decision March 16, 1995; accepted September 27, 1995.
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