Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Hypertension
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
Table of Contents | Next Article »
Hypertension. 1996;28:321-324

This Article
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hamet, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hamet, P.

(Hypertension. 1996;28:321-324.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.

Articles

Cancer and Hypertension

An Unresolved Issue

Pavel Hamet

the Centre de Recherche Hotel-Dieu de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Correspondence to Pavel Hamet, Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche Hotel-Dieu de Montreal, 3850 St Urbain St, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1TS, Canada.


Key Words: cancer • hypertension • risk factors • prospective studies • retrospective case/control


*    Introduction
up arrowTop
 *Introduction
down arrowReferences
 
Abnormalities in proliferative pathways have been noted in hypertension for over half a century. They have been proposed by Folkow1 to be a hallmark of hypertension, leading to increased peripheral resistance. Heightened proliferation, characterized by a higher organ-to–body weight ratio, has been observed early in hypertension, at least in genetic models, even at birth.2 3 4 The increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in spontaneously hypertensive rats persists in culture, responds exaggeratedly to growth stimuli,5 6 7 8 and is characterized by shortening of the cell cycle.9 10

The physiological balance between cell growth and death is at present believed to be governed by the interplay between cell replication and apoptosis (ie, genetically programmed cell death).11 12 13 14 We have recently summarized evidence that cell death by apoptosis can control the growth of VSMCs and that significant abnormalities can be observed in cardiovascular diseases.12 13 14 15 Some examples are depicted in Table 1.Down Many pathways thought to be abnormal in hypertension were actually more intensely studied in relation to neoplastic growth, where it was originally described.16 17 18 Indeed, apoptosis received much attention in the field of cancer.19 20 In this context, it is relevant that the index word "cancer" is absent in most textbooks dealing with hypertension, and the subject was only briefly dealt with in a philosophical manner.21 Is that justified?


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Conditions Associated With Cardiovascular Apoptosis In Vivo

Certainly not on the basis of epidemiological evidence. A simple MedLine survey teaches us that solid evidence points to the possibility that hypertension is actually a significant risk factor for cancer. At least seven prospective studies22 23 24 25 26 27 28 highlighted in Table 2Down have demonstrated clearly that hypertension is a risk factor. Yet unresolved differences persist, mainly concerning cancer site specificity, sex, age, duration of the disease, and interactions with other risk factors, including obesity and smoking. Thus, the organ most frequently related to preexisting hypertension, even in long-term prospective studies, is the kidney,29 30 but the colon22 25 and even the endometrium31 32 have been cited. Some studies have confined the risk to men, yet others have demonstrated hypertension to be a risk factor for cancer in women as well.25 30 Other risk factors, mainly obesity,33 diabetes,31 32 and smoking,28 appear to be related in a complex fashion to hypertension as a risk for cancer. Most studies that address this question have found that risk increases with the duration of hypertension, particularly when diagnosed before the age of 50 years.28 34 35 A complication in the assessment of hypertension as a risk factor is actually the possibility that hypertension of short (<5 years) duration may even procure a protective effect, while a positive association is observed with prolonged exposure to hypertension (usually >10 years).28 34 This increased risk of cancer in hypertension cannot be simply explained as a consequence of detection bias,36 since in many studies mentioned, the outcome is not only the diagnosis of cancer but also death caused by it.22 24 25


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Highlights of Prospective Studies Evaluating Hypertension as a Risk for Cancer

But how did it all get started? Actually, the first prospective type of study was reported by Dyer et al22 in 1975, from an analysis of the relationship of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure at entry into the study and a 14-year mortality follow-up. Both SBP and DBP appeared to be significantly associated with subsequent mortality from lung, colon, and other cancers, even after appropriate adjustment for age, cholesterol, and smoking.22 It is relevant that this prospective study was antedated by three retrospective investigations,35 37 38 39 all relating the use of reserpine (the antihypertensive drug of choice in those days) with breast cancer. Careful analysis by Dyer et al22 helped to exclude reserpine and implicated hypertension as a culprit in cancer association.

Since then, many retrospective cohorts, some simply based on questionnaires, others carefully related to records of patients in prepaid health plans, have linked the use of other antihypertensive agents with cancer. Most frequent associations have been reported between the use of thiazide diuretics and the incidence of renal cancer, but again, only in retrospective case/control studies.35 40 41 42 43 44 45 Actually, half a dozen trials have reported the association from various parts of the globe, including large multinational efforts.42 It has to be mentioned that here most of the studies have recognized that it is difficult to disentangle the separate effects due to potential misclassification of highly correlated events,35 40 ie, to exclude hypertension per se as a cause because the use of diuretics is highly correlative with it. Again, the duration (of diuretic use/hypertension) has been frequently noted.35 Other drugs, including ß-blockers, have been reported to be a significant risk factor for kidney cancer.46 It is of interest that in a large cohort from the Glasgow Clinic, which helped to clear ß-blockers from their association with kidney cancer, actually remained significantly more relevant among hypertensives independent of the medication used.47 It is also of interest that in studies demonstrating the danger of diuretics, other antihypertensive drugs are usually considered to be without risk.35 41 Although the fact was largely unnoticed, even ACE inhibitors appeared to be related to increased death (38 gastrointestinal cancers in the enalapril group compared with 22 in the placebo group; odds ratio, 1.7) in a double-blind trial.48 The relevance of the above-mentioned studies will also have to be evaluated, keeping in mind the reality of competing risk of death phenomenon (cardiovascular versus cancer)49 ; yet let us mention that the increased relative risk of cancer death in hypertension was observed in both treated and untreated patients.22

With what we have discussed, it came as a surprise that in a recent retrospective case/control study by Pahor et al,50 none of the above was considered. There was no suggestion or reference to prospective investigations demonstrating hypertension as a risk factor for cancer, and no mention of all other drugs related in remote and recent history with the risk for cancer in the study or accompanying editorials.51 52 What is most surprising is the discussed pathophysiological mechanism proposing an explanation for the association between use of calcium channel blockers and cancer, ie, their putative effects on apoptosis. The latter is a complex process, leading to DNA fragmentation via calcium-dependent as well as calcium-independent pathways, and so is DNA synthesis and repair.53 54 55

At present, we do not know of any potential mechanisms of hypertension as a risk factor for cancer. Alas, we have done very little in this area. A single brief report in 1975 as a reaction to the milestone paper of Dyer et al22 suggested abnormalities of carcinogen binding to DNA in lymphocytes of hypertensive subjects.56 Very little is also known in extensively studied spontaneously hypertensive rats, with a few reports indicating an increased but variable response to carcinogens.57 58 59

Is any class of antihypertensive agents safe? All are, if we stand by targeted studies. Are retrospective case/control studies useful, perhaps as stimulants for debate and thoughts? We have to recognize that we have not done much, and in view of what our epidemiology colleagues are telling us about hypertension as a risk for cancer in humans, few understand it. It is time to change that.


*    Acknowledgments
 
The author thanks Drs Jacques Lelorier, Denis de Blois, and Johanne Tremblay for their helpful comments and gratefully acknowledges the help of Josee Bedard-Baker as well as Ovid Da Silva in preparing this manuscript.


*    References
up arrowTop
 up arrowIntroduction
 *References
 

  1. Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev.. 1982;62:347-503.[Free Full Text]
  2. Hamet P, Tremblay J, Pang SC, Walter SV, Wen YI. Primary versus secondary events in hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol.. 1985;63:380-386.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Walter SV, Hamet P. Enhanced DNA synthesis in heart and kidney of newborn spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension.. 1986;8:520-525.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Pang SC, Long C, Poirier M, Tremblay J, Kunes J, Vincent M, Sassard J, Duzzi L, Bianchi G, Ledingham J, Phelan EL, Simpson FO, Ikeda K, Yamori Y, Hamet P. Cardiac and renal hyperplasia in newborn genetically hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 1986;4(suppl 3):S119-S122.
  5. Hadrava V, Tremblay J, Hamet P. Abnormalities in growth characteristics of aortic smooth muscle cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension.. 1989;13:589-597.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Scott-Burden T, Resink TJ, Baur U, Burgin M, Buhler FR. Epidermal growth factor responsiveness in smooth muscle cells from hypertensive and normotensive rats. Hypertension.. 1989;13:295-304.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Yamori Y, Igawa T, Kanbe T, Kihara M, Nara Y, Horie R. Mechanisms of structural vascular changes in genetic hypertension: analyses on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Colch). 1981;61(suppl):121S-123S.
  8. Paquet JL, Baudouin-Legros M, Marche P, Meyer P. Enhanced proliferating activity of cultured smooth muscle cells from SHR. Am J Hypertens.. 1989;2:108-110.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Hamada M, Harris EL, Millar JA, Simpson FO. Temporal differences in the cell cycles of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. J Vasc Med Biol.. 1990;2:136-141.
  10. Hadrava V, Tremblay J, Sekaly RP, Hamet P. Accelerated entry of aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats into the S phase of the cell cycle. Biochem Cell Biol.. 1992;70:599-604.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Vaux DL. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.. 1993;90:786-789.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Hamet P. Proliferation and apoptosis in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.. 1995;4:1-7.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Teiger E, Dam TV, Richard L, Wisnewsky C, Tea BS, Gaboury L, Tremblay J, Schwartz K, Hamet P. Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest.. 1996;97:2891-2897.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Hamet P, Richard L, Dam TV, Teiger E, Orlov SN, Gaboury L, Gossard F, Tremblay I. Apoptosis in target organs of hypertension. Hypertension.. 1995;26:642-648.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Hamet P, de Blois D, Dam TV, Richard L, Teiger E, Tea BS, Orlov SN, Tremblay J. Apoptosis and vascular wall remodeling in hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. In press.
  16. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer.. 1972;26:239-257.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Alison MR, Sarraf CE. Apoptosis: a gene-directed program of cell death. J R Coll Physicians Lond.. 1992;26:25-35.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Wyllie AH. Apoptosis and the regulation of cell numbers in normal and neoplastic tissues, an overview. Cancer Metastasis Rev.. 1992;11:95-103.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  19. Lane DP. p53, guardian of the genome. Nature.. 1993;358:15-16.
  20. Thompson GB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science.. 1995;267:1456-1462.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Meyer P. Increased intracellular calcium: from hypertension to cancer. J Hypertens. 1987;5(suppl 4):S3-S4.
  22. Dyer AR, Stamler J, Berkson DM, Lindberg HA, Stevens E. High blood-pressure: a risk factor for cancer mortality? Lancet.. 1975;1:1051-1056.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  23. Svardsudd K, Tibblin G. Mortality and morbidity during 13.5 years' follow-up in relation to blood pressure. Acta Med Scand.. 1979;205:483-492.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Raynor WR Jr, Shekelle RB, Rossof AH, Maliza C, Paul O. High blood pressure and 17-year cancer mortality in the Western Electric Health Study. Am J Epidemiol.. 1981;113:371-377.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Systolic blood pressure and cancer mortality in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol.. 1984;120:550-558.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Goldbourt U, Holtzman E, Yaari S, Cohen L, Katz L, Neufeld HN. Elevated systolic blood pressure as a predictor of long-term cancer mortality: analysis by site and histologic subtype in 10,000 middle-aged and elderly men. J Natl Cancer Inst.. 1986;77:63-70.
  27. Buck C, Donner A. Cancer incidence in hypertensives. Cancer.. 1987;59:1386-1390.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG. Blood pressure and cancer in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol.. 1996;25:22-31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Grove JS, Nomura A, Serverson RK, Stemmermann GN. The association of blood pressure with cancer incidence in a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol.. 1991;134:942-947.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Muscat JE, Hoffmann D, Wynder EL. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer.. 1995;75:2552-2557.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  31. Maatela J, Aromas A, Salmi T, Pohja M, Vuento M, Gronroos M. The risk of endometrial cancer in diabetic and hypertensive patients: a nationwide record-linkage study in Finland. Ann Chir Gynaecol.. 1994;83:20-24.
  32. Inoue M, Okayama A, Fujita M, Enomoto T, Tanizawa O, Ueshima H. A case-control study on risk factors for uterine endometrial cancer in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res.. 1994;85:346-350.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  33. Filipovsky J, Ducimetiere P, Darne B, Richard JL. Abdominal body mass distribution and elevated blood pressure are associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and cancer in middle-aged men: the results of a 15-to 20-year follow-up in the Paris Prospective Study 1. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord.. 1993;17:197-203.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Taylor JO, Cornoni-Huntley J, Curb JD, Manton KG, Ostfeld AM, Scherr P, Wallace RB. Blood pressure and mortality risk in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol.. 1991;134:489-501.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Weinmann S, Glass AG, Weiss NS, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS, White E. Use of diuretics and other antihypertensive medications in relation to the risk of renal cell cancer. Am J Epidemiol.. 1994;140:792-804.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Feinstein AR. The architecture of clinical research. In: Clinical Epidemiology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1985:321-325.
  37. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Reserpine and breast cancer: report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Lancet.. 1974;2:669-671.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  38. Heinonen OP, Shapiro S, Tuominen L, Turunen MI. Reserpine use in relation to breast cancer. Lancet.. 1974;2:675-677.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  39. Armstrong B, Stevens N, Doll R. Retrospective study of the association use of rauwolfia derivative and breast cancer in English women. Lancet.. 1974;2:672-675.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  40. Chow WH, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS, Wacholder S, Niws S, Fraumeni JF Jr. Risk of renal cell cancer in relation to diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, and hypertension. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prev.. 1995;4:327-331.[Abstract]
  41. Mellemgaard A, Niwa S, Mehl E, Engholm G, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Denmark: role of medication and medical history. Int J Epidemiol.. 1994;23:923-930.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Mandel JS, Mellemgaard A, McCredie M, Lindblad P, Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Niwa S, Adami HO. International renal-cell cancer study, VIII: role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int J Cancer.. 1995;63:216-221.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  43. Finkle WD, McLaughlin JK, Rasgon SA, Yeoh HH, Low JE. Increased risk of renal cell cancer among women using diuretics in the United States. Cancer Causes Control.. 1994;4:555-558.
  44. Mellemgaard A, Moller H, Olsen, JH. Diuretics may increase risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control.. 1992;3:309-312.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  45. Hiatt RA, Tolan K, Quesenberry CP Jr. Renal cell carcinoma and thiazide use: a historical, case-control study (California, USA). Cancer Causes Control.. 1994;5:319-325.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  46. McCredie M, Stewart JH. Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales, Australia, II: urologic disease, hypertension, obesity, and hormonal factors. Cancer Causes Control.. 1992;3:323-331.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  47. Jole DJ, Hawthorne VM, Isles CG, McGhee SM, Robertson JWK, Gillis CR, Wapshaw JA, Lever AF. Incidence of and mortality from cancer in hypertensive patients. BMJ.. 1993;306:609-611.
  48. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med.. 1992;327:685-691.[Abstract]
  49. Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown & /001/Co; 1986:31.
  50. Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, Corti MC, Carbonin P, Havlik RJ. Do calcium channel blockers increase the risk of cancer? Am J Hypertens.. 1996;9:695-699.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  51. Alderman MH. More news about calcium antagonists. Am J Hypertens.. 1996;9:710-712.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  52. Daling JR. Calcium channel blockers and cancer: Is an association biologically plausible? Am J Hypertens.. 1996;9:713-714.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  53. Nunez G, Clarke MF. The bcl-2 family of proteins: regulators of cell death and survival. Trends Cell Biol.. 1994;4:399-403.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  54. de Murcia G, Jacobson M, Shall S. Regulation by ADP-ribosylation. Trends Cell Biol.. 1995;5:78-81.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  55. McConkey DJ, Orrenius S. Signal transduction pathways to apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol.. 1994;4:370-375.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  56. Nordes A, Scherstes B, Thulin T, Pero RW, Bryngelsson C, Mitelman F. Hypertension related to DNA repair synthesis and carcinogen uptake. Lancet. 1975;1094.
  57. Takeichi N. T-cell depression and carcinogenesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Oncologia.. 1982;1:54-68.
  58. Ueda N, Kondo M. Chromosome aberrations induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in bone marrow cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats: time course and site specificity. J Natl Cancer Inst.. 1984;73:525-530.
  59. Mehta RS, Gunnett CA, Haris SR, Bunce OR, Hartie DK. High fish oil diet increases oxidative stress potential in mammary gland of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.. 1994;21:881-889.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  60. Cho A, Courtman DW, Langille BL. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) in arteries of the neonatal lamb. Circ Res.. 1995;76:168-175.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  61. Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani F, Redard M, Desmouliere A, Gabbiani G. Apoptosis participates in cellularity regulation during rat aortic intimal thickening. Am J Pathol.. 1995;146:1059-1064.[Abstract]
  62. Han DK, Haudenschild CC, Hong MK, Tinkle BT, Leon MB, Liau G. Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model. Am J Pathol.. 1995;147:267-277.[Abstract]
  63. Geng YJ, Libby P. Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma: colocalization with interleukin-1b-converting enzyme. Am J Pathol.. 1995;147:251-266.[Abstract]
  64. Bennett MR, Evan GI, Schwartz SM. Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest.. 1995;95:2266-2274.
  65. Isner JM, Kearney M, Bortman S, Passeri J. Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation.. 1995;91:2703-2711.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  66. Kockx MM, Cambier BA, Bortier HE, De Meyer GR, Declercq SC, van Cauwelaert PA, Bultinck J. Foam cell replication and smooth muscle cell apoptosis in human saphenous vein grafts. Histopathology.. 1994;25:365-371.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  67. Kern TS, Lorenzi M. Accelerated death of retinal microvascular cells in human and experimental diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Invest.. 1996;97:2883-2890.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  68. Kajstura J, Mansukhani M, Cheng W, Reiss K, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Quaini F, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P. Programmed cell death and expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 in myocytes during postnatal maturation of the heart. Exp Cell Res.. 1995;219:110-121.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  69. James TN. Normal and abnormal consequences of apoptosis in the human heart. Circulation.. 1994;90:556-573.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  70. Bodi L, Abraham AA, Kimmel PL. Apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis.. 1995;26:286-291.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  71. Woo D. Apoptosis and loss of renal tissue in polycystic kidney diseases. N Engl J Med.. 1995;333:18-25.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  72. Gobe GC, Buttyan R, Wyburn KR, Etheridge MR, Smith PJ. Clusterin expression and apoptosis in tissue remodeling associated with renal regeneration. Kidney Int.. 1995;47:411-420.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  73. Morita H, Isobe KI, Cai Z, Miyazaki T, Matsumoto Y, Shinzato T, Yoshikai Y, Kimata H, Maeda K. Thy-1 antigen mediates apoptosis of rat glomerular cells in vitro and in vivo. Nephron.. 1996;73:293-298.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 HypertensionHome page
P. Hamet, N. Thorin-Trescases, P. Moreau, P. Dumas, B.-S. Tea, D. deBlois, V. Kren, M. Pravenec, J. Kunes, Y. Sun, et al.
Workshop: Excess Growth and Apoptosis : Is Hypertension a Case of Accelerated Aging of Cardiovascular Cells?
Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 760 - 766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. P. Mason
Calcium channel blockers, apoptosis and cancer: is there a biologic relationship?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 1857 - 1866.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart JHome page
F.H. Messerli
Diuretic therapy and renal cell carcinoma--another controversy?
Eur. Heart J., October 2, 1999; 20(20): 1441 - 1442.
[PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
M. Soler, L. Chatenoud, E. Negri, F. Parazzini, S. Franceschi, and C. La Vecchia
Hypertension and Hormone-Related Neoplasms in Women
Hypertension, August 1, 1999; 34(2): 320 - 325.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
A. Aviv and H. Aviv
Reflections on Telomeres, Growth, Aging, and Essential Hypertension
Hypertension, May 1, 1997; 29(5): 1067 - 1072.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
D. deBlois, B.-S. Tea, T.-V. Dam, J. Tremblay, and P. Hamet
Smooth Muscle Apoptosis During Vascular Regression in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Hypertension, January 1, 1997; 29(1): 340 - 344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hamet, P.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hamet, P.

Hypertension Home | Subscriptions | Archives | Feedback | Authors | Help | AHA Journals Home | Search
Copyright © 1996 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use prohibited.