This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brand, E. Articles by Soubrier, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brand, E. Articles by Soubrier, F.

(Hypertension. 1998;32:198-204.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.

Scientific Contributions

Structural Analysis and Evaluation of the Aldosterone Synthase Gene in Hypertension

Eva Brand; Nathalie Chatelain; Paolo Mulatero; Isabelle Féry; Kathleen Curnow; Xavier Jeunemaitre; Pierre Corvol; Leigh Pascoe; ; Florent Soubrier

From INSERM U358, Hôpital Saint-Louis (E.B., N.C., I.F., F.S.), and INSERM U36, Collège de France (P.M., K.C., X.J., P.C., L.P.), Paris, France.

Correspondence to Florent Soubrier, INSERM U358, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, Ave Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris, cedex 10, France. E-mail Soubrier{at}inserm.chu-stlouis.fr

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Abstract—Anomalies in either of the tightly linked genes encoding the enzymes CYP11B1 (11ß-hydroxylase) or CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) can lead to important changes in arterial pressure and are responsible for several monogenically inherited forms of hypertension. Mutations in these genes or their regulatory regions could thus contribute to genetic variation in susceptibility to essential hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we performed 2 complementary studies of the CYP11B1/CYP11B2 locus in essential hypertension. After characterizing a DNA contig containing the CYP11B1 gene and mapping the gene in the Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain reference panel of families, we performed a linkage study with 292 hypertensive sibling pairs and a highly informative microsatellite marker near CYP11B1. We also analyzed the association of 2 frequent biallelic polymorphisms of the CYP11B2 gene, 1 in the promoter at position -344 (-344C/T) and the other, a common gene conversion in intron 2, with hypertension in 380 hypertensive patients and 293 normotensive individuals. Statistical analyses did not show significant linkage of the CYP11B1 microsatellite marker to hypertension. No positive association with hypertension was found with the gene conversion in intron 2, but a positive association with hypertension was found with the -344T allele. The hypertensive and normotensive samples differed significantly in both genotype (P=0.023) and allele frequencies (P=0.010). Our data suggest a modest contribution of the CYP11B2 gene to essential hypertension.

Key Words: aldosterone synthase • steroid 11ß-hydroxylase • biallelic polymorphism • microsatellite marker • association study • linkage study

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
The cytochrome P450, CYP11B1, a steroid 11ß-hydroxylase, catalyzes the terminal step of cortisol biosynthesis.^{1 2} The enzyme is expressed at high levels throughout the human adrenal cortex³ and is positively regulated by corticotropin.² A related enzyme, CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase), also has steroid 11ß-hydroxylase activity as well as the 18-hydroxylase and 18-oxidase activities required for the terminal steps of aldosterone biosynthesis.^{1 2} Expression of this enzyme is limited to the adrenal zona glomerulosa, where it is principally regulated by serum levels of potassium and angiotensin II. The two genes encoding these enzymes are located on chromosome 8q22 40 kb apart.^{4 5 6} Each gene contains 9 exons and extends over >8000 bp of DNA.⁷ The nucleotide sequences of these genes are 95% identical in coding regions and 90% identical in introns, whereas the encoded proteins are 93% identical in their predicted amino acid sequences.

Mutations in CYP11B1 lead to a hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia^{8 9 10} due to the accumulation of 11-deoxycorticosterone and its metabolites, which have mineralocorticoid activity. In contrast, mutations in CYP11B2 lead to various forms of aldosterone synthase deficiency, characterized by salt wasting and hypotension.^{11 12} Furthermore, unequal recombination between the 2 genes, leading to a duplicated hybrid CYP11B gene, causes the dominantly inherited hypertensive disorder of glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism.^{5 13 14} In this disease, the hybrid gene encodes an enzyme with aldosterone synthase activity,¹⁴ which is expressed throughout the adrenal cortex under the control of CYP11B1 regulatory elements.³ Consequently, aldosterone is improperly synthesized in the zona fasciculata/reticularis of the adrenal cortex under the control of corticotropin.

It is possible that other mutations in these genes or in their regulatory elements could also contribute to the genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension. To test the genetic linkage of these genes to essential hypertension, we carried out a genetic analysis of this chromosomal region in 292 sibling pairs with essential hypertension with the use of affected sib-pair methods^{15 16 17 18} and a highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat identified in a P1 clone containing the CYP11B1 gene.

We also performed a case-control study of 2 common polymorphisms in the CYP11B2 gene. The first polymorphism (-344C/T) involves a C/T substitution in a putative binding site for the steroidogenic transcription factor SF-1.¹⁹ Previous studies have shown a 4-fold increase in binding of SF-1 to the -344C allele, which could result in an altered transcription rate. The second polymorphism is a common gene conversion in intron 2 of CYP11B2, in which most of the intron is replaced by that of CYP11B1.¹⁹ The association of these two biallelic CYP11B2 polymorphisms was studied in 380 hypertensive individuals and 293 white controls.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Study Population
This study was approved by a local review committee, and all subjects gave informed consent. A total of 380 hypertensive cases were selected in 3 collaborating centers in France (Paris, Toulouse, and Bordeaux) according to the following criteria²⁰: (1) onset of hypertension at <60 years of age; (2) established hypertension as defined by either a diastolic blood pressure DBP >90 mm Hg in treated patients or a DBP >95 mm Hg on 2 consecutive visits for those untreated; (3) the absence of secondary forms of hypertension, as determined by appropriate clinical investigation in the collaborating center; and (4) families with at least 2 siblings affected by hypertension. Subjects with a history of alcohol intake >50 g/24 h, oral contraceptive therapy, diabetes mellitus, or renal impairment were excluded. Blood pressure was measured in the supine position with a sphygmomanometer. Application of these criteria led to the ascertainment of 170 sibships in which 2 or more offspring were hypertensive (125 pairs, 37 trios, 6 quartets, and 2 quintets). A total of 292 affected sibling pairs were thus evaluated.

Normotensive unrelated control subjects (n=293) were enrolled from preventive medicine centers in Paris and Nancy. These controls had a systolic blood pressure <145 mm Hg, a DBP <90 mm Hg, and no history of antihypertensive treatment or chronic disease. All individuals in the study were white. Clinical characteristics of the study population are listed in Table 1.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Clinical Parameters of Study Population

Isolation and Characterization of Dinucleotide Repeat Polymorphism
A P1 clone containing the human CYP11B1 gene was obtained from a human foreskin fibroblast library by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of clone pools and the use of oligonucleotides 5 and 6 (Table 2) (reference DMPC-HFF No. 129F1, Genome Systems). Screening of the same library with the corresponding oligonucleotides from CYP11B2 did not yield any positive clones. Sublibraries of EcoRI, BamHI, and Sau3A restriction fragments from the P1 clone were then constructed in a pKS Bluescript vector (Stratagene), and individual colonies were replicated onto nylon filters for later screening with oligonucleotide probes. The ends of some randomly obtained clones were sequenced, and radioactively labeled oligonucleotide probes from these sequences and from the CYP11B1 gene were used to identify overlapping clones. By repeating this hybridization strategy, combined with sequencing of the ends of subsequently identified overlapping clones and standard restriction enzyme mapping of subclones, a contig surrounding the CYP11B1 gene was constructed (Figure 1). Clones containing dinucleotide repeats were identified by hybridization with a (CA)₁₅ oligonucleotide probe. These clones were sequenced, and oligonucleotides flanking the repeat sequence (oligonucleotides 8 and 9 of Table 2) were made to amplify this polymorphic region in genomic DNA. Initial studies showed this marker to be highly polymorphic, with a heterozygosity of 72%.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Amplimers and Allele-Specific Oligonucleotides Used to Detect Variants of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 Genes and for PCR Screening of a Human P1 Library

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Diagram of contig containing CYP11B1 gene. Genomic sequence is represented by a line, with BamHI () and EcoRI () restriction sites indicated above and below the line, respectively. Shaded boxes above the sequence represent fragments that were subcloned into pBluescript vector; the CYP11B1 gene is represented by a solid rectangle and the dinucleotide repeat by an open box. Long interspersed repeat elements (LINE-1) were found just upstream of CYP11B1 as well as 3' from it (not shown). Expanded sections of dinucleotide repeat, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2 (which lies 40 kb 5' from CYP11B1) genes show positions of oligonucleotides used for genotyping, intron-exon structure of the 2 CYP11B genes, and positions of polymorphisms studied.

Genotype Analysis of Dinucleotide Repeat Polymorphism at the Human CYP11B1 Locus
The CYP11B1 dinucleotide repeat genotypes were determined by PCR amplification of genomic DNA with [-³²P]ATP end-labeled primers (oligonucleotides 8 and 9 of Table 2) flanking the CA repeat and subsequent analysis by denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allele identity was checked in all gels by comparison with a control DNA. Population allele frequencies of the CYP11B1 microsatellite were estimated from the families by using the ILINK program.

Genotyping of CYP11B2 Polymorphisms
The genomic region encompassing the biallelic polymorphism (-344C/T) was amplified by using oligonucleotide primers 1 and 2 shown in Table 2. The amplification was performed with 100 ng of DNA in a total volume of 50 µL containing 10 mmol/L Tris HCl (pH 9), 50 mmol/L KCl, 1.5 mmol/L MgCl₂, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.2 mg/mL BSA, 200 µmol/L dNTPs, 25 pmol of each primer, and 0.2 U Taq polymerase (ATGC Biotechnologie). The samples were denatured at 94°C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 amplification cycles at 94°C for 30 seconds, 52°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 30 seconds and 1 cycle at 72°C for 10 minutes. After enzymatic amplification, one fifth of the PCR product was denatured in 150 µL of 0.5 mol/L NaOH and 1.5 mol/L NaCl and blotted onto nylon membranes (N+, ICN). Membranes were then neutralized in 2x SSC and cross-linked with UV light. Genotyping was performed by using allele-specific oligonucleotides.²¹ Each membrane was hybridized in 7% polyethylene glycol–10% SDS at 50°C for 4 hours with 100 pmol of either of the 2 oligonucleotides (3 and 4, Table 2) end labeled with [-³²P]ATP. The membranes were washed twice at room temperature in 1x SSC for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes in 0.5x SSC at 52°C, followed by autoradiography.

Analysis of the intron 2 polymorphism was carried out by allele-specific PCR as follows. The samples were denatured at 94°C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles at 94°C for 1 minute, 59°C for 1 minute, and 72°C for 1 minute followed by 1 cycle at 72°C for 10 minutes. Amplified products were electrophoresed in a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. Oligonucleotides 5 (localized in intron 3 of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2) and 6 (localized in intron 2 of CYP11B2) detected the nonconverted allele containing the CYP11B2 sequence. Oligonucleotides 5 and 7 (localized in intron 2 of CYP11B1) detected the converted allele, when it was present. DNA from subjects known to carry the normal and converted alleles by sequencing were amplified as positive controls.

Statistical Analysis
The frequencies of the 13 alleles of the microsatellite marker were estimated from all pedigrees collected with the use of the ILINK program of the LINKAGE package (0.001, 0.007, 0.298, 0.414, 0.082, 0.045, 0.050, 0.029, 0.060, 0.004, 0.003, 0.003, and 0.003). The frequency of the -344T allele (0.546) and of the intron 2 conversion (0.446) was evaluated with the same program.

For the microsatellite marker and the 2 biallelic polymorphisms, genetic linkage was tested by using 2 different affected sib-pair methods (Table 3). The first is based on the Haseman-Elston sib-pair method.^{15 16} It consists of estimating the proportion of alleles shared by affected sib pairs identical by descent at the marker locus. Marker information on other sibs and 1 or both parents was incorporated when available. A 1-sided t test with (n-1) df (where n is the total number of affected sib pairs) was performed to determine whether this mean proportion was >0.5 (the expected value under the null hypothesis of no linkage). The result of this test was obtained by using the program SIBPAL of the SAGE package.¹⁷

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Linkage Analysis With CYP11B1 Microsatellite Marker and 2 Biallelic Polymorphisms of CYP11B2 in Hypertensive Sibships by 2 Different Methods (SAGE and ANALYZE)

The second method is based on the number of shared (n₁) and unshared (n₂) alleles among affected sib pairs computed from informative meioses. When there are multiple sibs in a sibship, this method weights for the number of pairs. Under the null hypothesis of no linkage, the numbers of the shared and unshared alleles are equal to half of the estimated sum of shared and unshared alleles [(n₁+n₂)/2]. Under the hypothesis of linkage, the number of shared alleles is greater than the number of unshared alleles. A ² test with 1 df is computed to compare the observed and expected values. This statistic can be computed in the program SIBPAIR of the ANALYZE package.¹⁸

In the case-control study of the 2 biallelic markers, comparisons of genotype distributions and of allelic frequencies were assessed by the ² test with 2 and 1 df, respectively. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by the ² test with 1 df.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Localization of CYP11B1 Gene and Identification of Flanking Microsatellite Markers
A 60-kb contig of subclones containing the CYP11B1 gene was assembled as set out in the Methods section. A BamHI, EcoRI restriction site map of this contig is presented in Figure 1. A dinucleotide repeat was identified in the 3'-flanking region of the CYP11B1 gene. The entire coding region of the CYP11B1 gene was isolated on a single BamHI fragment of 8.5 kb. The surrounding sequence included a truncated long interspersed repeat element (LINE-1) 400 bp 5' from the transcription start site, suggesting that the most important promoter elements lie close to the gene as well as another LINE element farther 3' from the gene. An open reading frame with >95% sequence homology to an expressed sequence tag (EST) from a human brain cDNA library was also found 3' from the gene in the P1 clone (data not shown). Genotypes of our patients at the polymorphic microsatellite locus were determined by PCR amplification and acrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Members of 8 families from the Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain panel were genotyped for this marker. The genetic location of the CYP11B1 gene was estimated with respect to chromosome 8 markers in the Généthon map by multilocus linkage analysis.²² These results showed that the CYP11B1 gene lies in the interval between markers AFMb014xe1 (D8S1744) and AFMa082wh9 (D8S1836) with odds >1000:1 (Figure 2).

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Line graph shows location (log of the odds [lod] score) for placement of the CYP11B1 locus with respect to chromosome 8 markers characterized in the Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humain (Paris, France) reference families. Maximum likelihood placement (maximum of log of the odds score curve) for CYP11B1 is indicated by the arrow. Odds against alternative orders are also indicated. Distances along the x axis are in centimorgans (cM).

Linkage Study
Because parental genotypes were generally not available, allele frequencies were estimated by the ILINK program (LINKAGE) of the total group of families. Results of linkage analysis with the CYP11B1 microsatellite marker and the 2 biallelic polymorphisms of CYP11B2 (-344C/T and intron 2 conversion) in hypertensive sibships are shown in Table 3. No significant excess of shared alleles was observed in the whole panel by using either of the programs for sib-pair analysis; the calculated number of alleles shared was close to 0.5 in each case.

The statistical analysis was also performed on subgroups of families defined according to criteria used in previous studies.^{20 23 24} These criteria included a body mass index (BMI) 27 kg/m,² severe hypertension (DBP 100 mm Hg or 2 antihypertensive treatments), or an early age of onset (<45 years of age). Application of these criteria, isolated or in combination, did not result in any significant evidence for linkage.

Association Study
An association study was performed by comparing allele and genotype frequencies for the 2 biallelic polymorphisms of CYP11B2 (-344C/T and intron 2 conversion) in hypertensive patients (n=380 and n=369) and normotensive control subjects (n=293 and n=277). We did not observe significant differences between the 2 groups for the intron 2 conversion. The frequency of the gene conversion in our patients was 0.45 in hypertensives and 0.43 in normal controls (²=0.66, P=0.41).

A significant association with hypertension was found, however, with the T allele of the promoter polymorphism of CYP11B2 (-344C/T). The polymorphism -344C/T did not exhibit significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in the case or control groups. A significant difference in genotype (P=0.023) and allele (P=0.010) frequencies was found between cases and controls. We also compared control subjects and the subgroups of hypertensive subjects defined above. The association remained significant in the subgroup with early-onset hypertension (P=0.005) but was not significant when BMI was 27 kg/m,² suggesting heterogeneity in the cause of hypertension in these patients (Table 4).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 4. Comparison of Allele and Genotype Frequencies (Freq) of C -344T Polymorphism in Controls and Hypertensive Cases

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Several lines of argument designate the aldosterone synthase gene as a major candidate gene for predisposition to hypertension. These arguments are drawn from the biochemical role of aldosterone synthase and from the occurrence of major blood pressure disorders due to abnormalities of this gene. We specifically developed genetic tools to investigate the role of the aldosterone synthase gene in human essential hypertension and also used previously described markers having a potential functional effect on the regulation of this gene. A highly polymorphic microsatellite marker was identified at 8 kb in the 3' region of the CYP11B1 gene, located 40 kb from the CYP11B2 gene. This marker was used to map the CYP11B gene between markers D8S1744 and D8S1836 on the long arm of chromosome 8.

This marker was used in a family study involving a large group (n=167) of well-characterized white families with moderate to severe essential hypertension present in at least 2 sibs. In addition to these criteria, confounding factors such as obesity and diabetes or ethnic heterogeneity were avoided. Statistical analyses of the genotype data obtained in these 292 sib pairs were performed with 2 different statistical methods. Both methods are designed to test for an excess of concordance in the affected sib pairs through the use of identity by descent. Both methods seem to have similar power to detect linkage.²⁵ The results did not show any evidence for linkage to hypertension, in either the whole panel or in family subsets selected for the severity or the early onset of hypertension.

We also conducted a case-control study in 380 French hypertensive patients and 293 normotensive control subjects who were analyzed for the 2 frequent polymorphisms of the CYP11B2 gene.¹⁹ We did not observe any association of the intron 2 gene conversion with hypertension, since the allele and genotype frequencies were similar in hypertensives and normotensives. Conversely, the T allele of the -344 polymorphism was significantly more frequent in hypertensives (0.56) than in controls (0.48), suggesting an association of this polymorphism with hypertension. Similar results were obtained by comparing genotype frequencies between the 2 groups. We found a significant association of the T allele with hypertension when controls were compared with the most hypertensive person in each family (P=0.023). This association was more significant when the normotensives were compared with a subgroup with onset of hypertension before the age of 45 years (P=0.005). In other hypertensive subgroups the frequency of the T allele was also increased, but the increase was not statistically significant (Table 4). When the analysis was limited to those with a BMI 27 kg/m², the association was not significant, suggesting involvement of the allele in a common mechanism leading to increased BMI and hypertension. The existence of such a common mechanism would be consistent with the known effect of excess mineralocorticoid activity, which leads to salt and water retention and hypervolemic hypertension.²⁶

In an independent study, Benetos et al²⁷ observed a similar frequency of the -344T allele in a series of 216 white hypertensive patients (0.56). However, they reported an association between the -344C allele and higher supine plasma aldosterone levels and lower upright plasma renin levels; an unexpected result, given the increased frequency of the T allele in both hypertensive samples. In the present study we have no information concerning the plasma aldosterone and plasma renin levels of our population. To clarify these apparently conflicting data, we genotyped a sample of 117 normotensive subjects for whom serum aldosterone levels were available. In this sample the -344T allele was associated with higher (P<0.05) plasma aldosterone levels (data not shown). The reasons for the difference between our sample and that of Benetos et al are not evident.

Whether the -344C/T polymorphism represents a functional variant of the CYP11B2 gene modulating the expression of the gene is still a matter of debate. In gel shift assays the -344C allele of the promoter binds the transcription factor SF-1 4 times more than the -344T allele does.¹⁹ The regulatory elements of the CYP11B2 gene promoter, required for both basal and angiotensin II– or K⁺-stimulated transcription, have been mapped in a study with serial deletion mutants.²⁸ A major element is located between -129 and -114 and consists of an SF-1 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-1 binding site. Another major regulatory element is located between -71 and -64 and is necessary for calcium induction of CYP11B2 transcription. In contrast, the -344 region, which was confirmed to bind SF-1 in the same study, did not seem to be functionally relevant in their experiments. Hence, binding of SF-1 to this site in vivo is not expected to lead to increased CYP11B2 transcription and may in fact compete with the functional sites for the transcription factor. Under these circumstances the -344T allele, which has reduced affinity for SF-1, would be associated with increased CYP11B2 transcription. The -344C/T polymorphism may be directly implicated in transcriptional control in vivo, or it could be a marker for an as-yet-unidentified polymorphism. In the latter case, the identification of other polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the gene could be important.

There is an apparent discrepancy between the negative results from the sib-pair study and the positive results in our association study. We also observed discordant results between these 2 approaches in analyses of the angiotensinogen (AGT)^{20 23} and the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AGTR1)²⁴ genes. Sib-pair studies are considered to be more robust but to have lesser power than association studies for detecting the implication of a locus in complex diseases.²⁹ A linkage analysis may be more powerful if genetic heterogeneity is limited by the selection of hypertensive cases based on their plasma levels of aldosterone or K⁺. However, biological measurements are often difficult to interpret in hypertensives under medication. On the other hand, association studies, while more powerful, may be the source of spurious associations when the 2 samples are not drawn from the same population or when they differ in ethnic origin. Indeed, White and Slutsker¹⁹ previously reported significant (P<0.001) racial differences in the frequencies of the 3 different CYP11B haplotypes (-344C/intron 2 without conversion; -344T/intron 2 conversion; and -344T/intron 2 without conversion) by comparing 168 white and 73 black schoolchildren. These ethnic differences in allele frequencies of the -344C/T polymorphism have also been observed between Africans and whites (X.J., unpublished data). Consequently, although we took into account these possible drawbacks during our enrollment of hypertensive and normotensive individuals, it is important to replicate the positive results of association with the -344T allele in independent studies.

It is also possible that the blood pressure effect of the CYP11B2 gene is more prominent in subjects with a high-sodium or low-potassium diet. To test this hypothesis, an independent study population with sufficient information on dietary electrolyte intake would be required.

In conclusion, although we found a significant association of the aldosterone synthase gene with hypertension, our data do not support a major role for this gene in hypertension, at least in whites. In view of the importance of this gene in aldosterone biosynthesis and hence in sodium and water homeostasis, our results need to be compared with other independent studies to define more precisely its implication in the development of hypertension. The tools and the results presented in this study might contribute to this goal.

	Acknowledgments

 
Dr Brand is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Br 1589/1–1) and the Société Française d'Hypertension Artérielle. Dr Pascoe was supported by a grant from the Fondation Pour la Recherche Medicale and the IPSEN foundation for therapeutic research.

Received January 21, 1998; first decision February 12, 1998; accepted March 20, 1998.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Toda K, Yokoyama Y, Miyahara K, Miura S, Ohnishi T, Ichikawa Y, Nakao K, Imura H, Ulick S, Shizuta Y. Role of steroid 11ß-hydroxylase and steroid 18-hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:1458–1462.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. Curnow KM, Tusie-Luna MT, Pascoe L, Natarajan R, Gu JL, Nadler JL, White PC. The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex. Mol Endocrinol. 1991;5:1513–1522.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Pascoe L, Jeunemaitre X, Lebrethon M-C, Curnow KM, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gasc J-M, Saez JM, Corvol P. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism and adrenal tumors occurring in a single French pedigree. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2236–2246.

4. Chua SC, Szabo P, Vitek A, Grzeschik KH, John M, White PC. Cloning of cDNA encoding steroid 11ß-hydroxylase (P450c11). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987;84:7193–7197.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Gutkin M, Fallo F, Gill JR Jr, Feld L, Ganguly A, Laidlaw JC, Murnaghan DJ, Kaufman C, Stockigt JR, Ulick S, Lalouel J-M. Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase. Nat Genet. 1992;2:66–74.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Wagner MJ, Ge Y, Siciliano M, Wells DE. A hybrid cell mapping panel for regional localization of probes to human chromosome 8. Genomics. 1991;10:114–125.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

7. Mornet E, Dupont J, Vitek A, White PC. Characterization of two genes encoding human steroid 11ß-hydroxylase (P-450₁₁ß). J Biol Chem. 1989;264:20961–20967.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. White PC, Dupont J, New MI, Leiberman E, Hochberg Z, Rösler A. A mutation in CYP11B1 (Arg-448-His) associated with steroid 11ß-hydroxylase deficiency in Jews of Moroccan origin. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:1664–1667.

9. Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Vitek J, Cole T, Speiser PW, New MI, White PC, Pascoe L. Mutations in the CYP11B1 gene causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension cluster in exons 6, 7, and 8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:4552–4556.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Helmberg A, Ausserer B, Kofler R. Frame shift by insertion of 2 basepairs in codon 394 of CYP11B1 causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 11ß-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1278–1281.[Abstract]

11. Pascoe L, Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Rösler A, White PC. Mutations in the human CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) gene causing corticosterone methyloxidase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:4996–5000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Mitsuuchi Y, Kawamoto T, Miyahara K, Ulick S, Morton DH, Naiki Y, Kuribayashi I, Toda K, Hara T, Orii T, Yasuda K, Miura K, Yamamoto Y, Imura H, Shizuta Y. Congenitally defective aldosterone biosynthesis in humans: inactivation of the P-450C18 gene (CYP11B2) due to nucleotide deletion in CMO I deficient patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993;190:864–869.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

13. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Cook S, Ulick S, Lalouel J-M. A chimaeric 11ß-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992;355:262–265.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

14. Pascoe L, Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Connell JM, Speiser PW, New MI, White PC. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism results from hybrid genes created by unequal crossovers between CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:8327–8331.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Elston RC. Genetic analysis workshop, II: sib pair screening tests for linkage. Genet Epidemiol. 1984;1:175–178.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

16. Haseman JK, Elston RC. The investigation of linkage between a quantitative trait and a marker locus. Behav Genet. 1972;2:3–19.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

17. SAGE: Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology. release 2.2. SIBPAL version 2.5. New Orleans, La: Department of Biometry and Genetics, LSU Medical Center; 1994.

18. Satsangi J, Parkes M, Louis E, Hashimoto L, Kato N, Welsh K, Terwilliger JD, Lathrop GM, Bell JI, Jewell DP. Two stage genome-wide search in inflammatory bowel disease provides evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12. Nat Genet. 1996;14:199–202.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

19. White PC, Slutsker L. Haplotype analysis of CYP11B2. Endocrinol Res. 1995;21:437–442.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Brand E, Chatelain N, Keavney B, Caulfield M, Citterio L, Connell J, Grobbee D, Schmidt S, Schunkert H, Schuster H, Sharma AM, Soubrier F. Evaluation of the angiotensinogen locus in human essential hypertension: a European study. Hypertension.. 1998;31:725–729.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Saiki RK. Genetic analysis of enzymatically amplified ß-globin and HLA-DQA genomic DNA with allele specific oligonucleotide probes. Nature. 1987;324:163–166.

22. Gyapay G, Morissette J, Vignal A, Dib C, Fizames C, Millasseau P, Marc S, Bernardi G, Lathrop GM, Weissenbach J. The 1993–94 Généthon human genetic linkage map. Nat Genet. 1994;7:246–339.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev Y, Lifton RP, Williams CS, Charru A, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Williams RR, Lalouel J-M, Corvol P. Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell. 1992;71:169–180.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

24. Bonnardeaux A, Davis E, Jeunemaitre X, Féry I, Charru A, Clauser E, Tiret L, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:63–69.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25. Julier C, Delepine M, Keavney B, Terwilliger J, Davies S, Weeks DE, Bui T, Jeunemaitre X, Velho G, Froguel P, Ratcliffe P, Corvol P, Soubrier F, Lathrop GM. Genetic susceptibility for human familial essential hypertension in a region of homology with blood pressure linkage on rat chromosome 10. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6:2077–2085.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26. Biglieri EG. Spectrum of mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension. 1991;17:251–261.[Free Full Text]

27. Benetos A, Poirier O, Guyene TT, Gautier S, Pojoga L, Cambien F. Genetic determination of plasma aldosterone levels. Hypertension. 1997;30:A493. Abstract.

28. Clyne CD, Zhang Y, Slutsker L, Mathis JM, White PC, Rainey WE. Angiotensin II and potassium regulate human CYP11B2 transcription through common cis elements. Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11:638–649.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29. Risch N, Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996;273:1516–1517.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. Escher Hyperaldosteronism in pregnancy Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2009; 3(2): 123 - 132. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Karagiannis, K. Tziomalos, A. I Kakafika, V. G Athyros, F. Harsoulis, and D. P Mikhailidis Medical treatment as an alternative to adrenalectomy in patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2008; 15(3): 693 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. C. Connell, S. M. MacKenzie, E. M. Freel, R. Fraser, and E. Davies A Lifetime of Aldosterone Excess: Long-Term Consequences of Altered Regulation of Aldosterone Production for Cardiovascular Function Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2008; 29(2): 133 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Iwai, K. Kajimoto, H. Tomoike, and N. Takashima Polymorphism of CYP11B2 Determines Salt Sensitivity in Japanese Hypertension, April 1, 2007; 49(4): 825 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Barr, S. M. MacKenzie, E. C. Friel, C. D. Holloway, D. M. Wilkinson, N. J.R. Brain, M. C. Ingram, R. Fraser, M. Brown, N. J. Samani, et al. Polymorphic Variation in the 11{beta}-Hydroxylase Gene Associates With Reduced 11-Hydroxylase Efficiency Hypertension, January 1, 2007; 49(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Wenxia Chai, Y. M Hoedemaekers, R. H. van Schaik, M. van Fessem, I. M Garrelds, J. J Saris, D. Dooijes, F. J ten Cate, M. M. Kofflard, and A. J. Danser Cardiac aldosterone in subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2006; 7(4): 225 - 230. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Imrie, M. Freel, B. M. Mayosi, E. Davies, R. Fraser, M. Ingram, H. J. Cordell, M. Farrall, P. J. Avery, H. Watkins, et al. Association between Aldosterone Production and Variation in the 11{beta}-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1) Gene J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 5051 - 5056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mulatero, F. Veglio, P. Maffei, M. Bondanelli, S. Bovio, F. Daffara, G. Leotta, A. Angeli, C. Calvo, C. Martini, et al. CYP11B2 -344T/C Gene Polymorphism and Blood Pressure in Patients with Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 5008 - 5012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. McNamara, S. W. Tam, M. L. Sabolinski, P. Tobelmann, K. Janosko, A. L. Taylor, J. N. Cohn, A. M. Feldman, and M. Worcel Aldosterone Synthase Promoter Polymorphism Predicts Outcome in African Americans With Heart Failure: Results From the A-HeFT Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1277 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J Casal, V. J P Sinclair, A. M Capponi, J. Nicod, U. Huynh-Do, and P. Ferrari A novel mutation in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene promoter leading to reduced promoter activity. J. Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 37(1): 71 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tanahashi, T. Mune, Y. Takahashi, M. Isaji, T. Suwa, H. Morita, N. Yamakita, K. Yasuda, T. Deguchi, P. C. White, et al. Association of Lys173Arg Polymorphism with CYP11B2 Expression in Normal Adrenal Glands and Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6226 - 6231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M C Connell and E. Davies The new biology of aldosterone J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2005; 186(1): 1 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Meneton, X. Jeunemaitre, H. E. de Wardener, and G. A. Macgregor Links Between Dietary Salt Intake, Renal Salt Handling, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Diseases Physiol Rev, April 1, 2005; 85(2): 679 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. White and W. E. Rainey Polymorphisms in CYP11B Genes and 11-Hydroxylase Activity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 1252 - 1255. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Freel and J. M.C. Connell Mechanisms of Hypertension: The Expanding Role of Aldosterone J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2004; 15(8): 1993 - 2001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Stolarz, J. A. Staessen, K. Kawecka-Jaszcz, E. Brand, G. Bianchi, T. Kuznetsova, V. Tikhonoff, L. Thijs, T. Reineke, S. Babeanu, et al. Genetic Variation in CYP11B2 and AT1R Influences Heart Rate Variability Conditional on Sodium Excretion Hypertension, August 1, 2004; 44(2): 156 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. K Shieh, E. Kotlyar, and F. Sam Aldosterone and cardiovascular remodelling: focus on myocardial failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1): 3 - 13. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. Stella, G. Bigatti, L. Tizzoni, C. Barlassina, C. Lanzani, G. Bianchi, and D. Cusi Association between aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) polymorphism and left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 21, 2004; 43(2): 265 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. White Aldosterone: Direct Effects on and Production by the Heart J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2376 - 2383. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Nicod, D. Bruhin, L. Auer, B. Vogt, F. J. Frey, and P. Ferrari A Biallelic Gene Polymorphism of CYP11B2 Predicts Increased Aldosterone to Renin Ratio in Selected Hypertensive Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2495 - 2500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M.C. Connell, R. Fraser, S. MacKenzie, and E. Davies Is Altered Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis a Key Intermediate Phenotype in Hypertension? Hypertension, May 1, 2003; 41(5): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. O. Lim, T. M. Macdonald, C. Holloway, E. Friel, N. H. Anderson, E. Dow, R. T. Jung, E. Davies, R. Fraser, and J. M. C. Connell Variation at the Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Locus Contributes to Hypertension in Subjects with a Raised Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2002; 87(9): 4398 - 4402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mulatero, T. A. Williams, A. Milan, C. Paglieri, F. Rabbia, F. Fallo, and F. Veglio Blood Pressure in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism Is Influenced by Bradykinin B2 Receptor and {alpha}-Adducin Gene Polymorphisms J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3337 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. Balkestein, J. A. Staessen, J.-G. Wang, J. J. van der Heijden-Spek, L. M. Van Bortel, C. Barlassina, G. Bianchi, E. Brand, S.-M. Herrmann, and H. A. Struijker-Boudier Carotid and Femoral Artery Stiffness in Relation to Three Candidate Genes in a White Population Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1190 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Poch, D. Gonzalez, V. Giner, E. Bragulat, A. Coca, and A. de la Sierra Molecular Basis of Salt Sensitivity in Human Hypertension: Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Gene Polymorphisms Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1204 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Ranade, K. D. Wu, N. Risch, M. Olivier, D. Pei, C.-F. Hsiao, L.-M. Chuang, L.-T. Ho, E. Jorgenson, R. Pesich, et al. Genetic variation in aldosterone synthase predicts plasma glucose levels PNAS, October 25, 2001; (2001) 221467098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hampf, N. T. N. Dao, N. T. Hoan, and R. Bernhardt Unequal Crossing-Over between Aldosterone Synthase and 11{beta}-Hydroxylase Genes Causes Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4445 - 4452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Portrat, P. Mulatero, K. M. Curnow, J.-L. Chaussain, Y. Morel, and L. Pascoe Deletion Hybrid Genes, due to Unequal Crossing Over between CYP11B1 (11{beta}-Hydroxylase) and CYP11B2(Aldosterone Synthase) Cause Steroid 11{beta}-Hydroxylase Deficiency and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3197 - 3201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Delles, J. Erdmann, J. Jacobi, K. F. Hilgers, E. Fleck, V. Regitz-Zagrosek, and R. E. Schmieder Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) -344 C/T polymorphism is associated with left ventricular structure in human arterial hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2001; 37(3): 878 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Agarwal, G. Giacchetti, G. Lavery, H. Nikkila, M. Palermo, M. Ricketts, C. McTernan, G. Bianchi, P. Manunta, P. Strazzullo, et al. CA-Repeat Polymorphism in Intron 1 of HSD11B2 : Effects on Gene Expression and Salt Sensitivity Hypertension, August 1, 2000; 36(2): 187 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Fisher, R. Fraser, J. MC Connell, and E. Davies Amino Acid Residue 147 of Human Aldosterone Synthase and 11{beta}-Hydroxylase Plays a Key Role in 11{beta}-Hydroxylation J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2000; 85(3): 1261 - 1266. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Mulatero, D. Schiavone, F. Fallo, F. Rabbia, C. Pilon, L. Chiandussi, L. Pascoe, and F. Veglio CYP11B2 Gene Polymorphisms in Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism Hypertension, March 1, 2000; 35(3): 694 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Komiya, T. Yamada, M. Takara, T. Asawa, M. Shimabukuro, T. Nishimori, and N. Takasu Lys173Arg and -344T/C Variants of CYP11B2 in Japanese Patients With Low-Renin Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2000; 35(3): 699 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hengstenberg, S. R. Holmer, B. Mayer, H. Lowel, S. Engel, H.-W. Hense, G. A. J. Riegger, and H. Schunkert Evaluation of the Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Gene Polymorphism in Patients With Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, March 1, 2000; 35(3): 704 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. Inglis, M. C. Ingram, C. D. Holloway, L. Swan, D. Birnie, W. S. Hillis, E. Davies, R. Fraser, and J. M. C. Connell Familial Pattern of Corticosteroids and Their Metabolism in Adult Human Subjects - the Scottish Adult Twin Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 4132 - 4137. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. Paillard, D. Chansel, E. Brand, A. Benetos, F. Thomas, S. Czekalski, R. Ardaillou, and F. Soubrier Genotype-Phenotype Relationships for the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in a Normal Population Hypertension, September 1, 1999; 34(3): 423 - 429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Delcayre and J.-S. Silvestre Aldosterone and the heart: towards a physiological function? Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1999; 43(1): 7 - 12. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Schunkert, C. Hengstenberg, S. R. Holmer, U. Broeckel, A. Luchner, M. W. Muscholl, S. Kurzinger, A. Doring, H.-W. Hense, and G. A. J. Riegger Lack of Association Between a Polymorphism of the Aldosterone Synthase Gene and Left Ventricular Structure Circulation, May 4, 1999; 99(17): 2255 - 2260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Takeda, K. Furukawa, S. Inaba, I. Miyamori, and H. Mabuchi Genetic Analysis of Aldosterone Synthase in Patients with Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1999; 84(5): 1633 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Tamaki, N. Iwai, Y. Tsujita, and M. Kinoshita Genetic Polymorphism of CYP11B2 Gene and Hypertension in Japanese Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 266 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mulatero, K. M. Curnow, B. Aupetit-Faisant, M. Foekling, C. Gomez-Sanchez, F. Veglio, X. Jeunemaitre, P. Corvol, and L. Pascoe Recombinant CYP11B Genes Encode Enzymes that Can Catalyze Conversion of 11-Deoxycortisol to Cortisol, 18-Hydroxycortisol, and 18-Oxocortisol J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1998; 83(11): 3996 - 4001. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Ranade, K. D. Wu, N. Risch, M. Olivier, D. Pei, C.-F. Hsiao, L.-M. Chuang, L.-T. Ho, E. Jorgenson, R. Pesich, et al. Genetic variation in aldosterone synthase predicts plasma glucose levels PNAS, November 6, 2001; 98(23): 13219 - 13224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brand, E. Articles by Soubrier, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brand, E. Articles by Soubrier, F.