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(Hypertension. 1998;32:1028-1033.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Both Brain Angiotensin II and "Ouabain" Contribute to Sympathoexcitation and Hypertension in Dahl S Rats on High Salt Intake
From the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Correspondence to Frans H.H. Leenen, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Hypertension Unit, H360, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada. E-mail fleenen{at}ohi-net.heartinst.on.ca
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Abstract |
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Abstract—Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) and salt-resistant (Dahl R) rats from 5 to 9 weeks of age received a regular or high salt diet and concomitantly an intracerebroventricular infusion of the angiotensin type 1 blocker losartan (1 mg · kg-1 · d-1) or antibody Fab fragments, which bind ouabain and related steroids with high affinity, or
-globulins as control (200 µg/d for both). At 9 weeks of age,
blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure, and
renal sympathetic nerve activity were recorded in conscious rats at
rest and in response to air stress and to
intracerebroventricular
2-agonist guanabenz (50 µg) and ouabain (0.5 µg).
Baroreflex function was assessed by acute volume expansion with
intravenous 5% dextrose and ramp changes of BP by
±50 mm Hg induced by intravenous
phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. In Dahl S but not R
rats, high salt significantly increased BP and HR; enhanced BP, HR, and
renal sympathetic nerve activity responses to air stress and guanabenz;
and attenuated cardiopulmonary and arterial
baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity and HR. Both
losartan and Fab fragments prevented these responses to high
salt to a similar extent in Dahl S rats but had no effect in Dahl R
rats on high salt. Sympathoexcitatory responses
to ouabain were attenuated in Dahl S on high versus regular salt and
were abolished in Dahl R or S treated with losartan or Fab
fragments. Consistent with previous studies in SHR, the
present data indicate that in Dahl S on high salt, both brain
"ouabain" and angiotensin II contribute to decreased
sympathoinhibition and increased sympathoexcitation, impairment of
baroreflex, and therefore hypertension.
Key Words: sympathetic nervous system • baroreflex • losartan • stress • guanabenz • antibody Fab fragments
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Neural mechanisms leading to sympathetic hyperactivity play a major role in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats.1 In Dahl S rats, high salt intake enhances sympathoexcitatory responses and attenuates sympathoinhibitory responses.2 Arterial3 4 and cardiopulmonary5 baroreflex control of efferent sympathetic nerve activity and/or heart rate (HR) are impaired in Dahl S rats, even before the commencement of high salt intake.3 5 High salt intake also causes sympathetic hyperactivity6 and impairment of baroreflex function7 in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), another model of salt-sensitive hypertension. In a series of studies we have shown that high salt intake increases ouabain-like activity ("ouabain")8 9 in several brain areas and that in both SHR and Dahl S rats, blockade of brain "ouabain" prevents sympathoexcitation, baroreflex impairment, and exaggeration of hypertension.2 4 6 9 In SHR, it appears that high dietary salt increases brain "ouabain" and the latter exerts its sympathoexcitatory and pressor effects via the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS).6 Whether brain angiotensin II (Ang II) is also involved in the impairment of baroreflex function in SHR by high salt diet has not yet been examined.
Little is known about the involvement of the brain RAS in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. In Dahl S on high salt diet, acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker losartan did not decrease BP,10 but chronic ICV administration of the AT1 blocker CV-11974 prevented the development of hypertension.11 Whether in Dahl S rats brain Ang II is involved in the sympathoexcitation and impairment of baroreflex function by high salt intake has not yet been evaluated. In the present study, we examined in Dahl S rats whether both brain Ang II and "ouabain" contribute to the impairment of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex function, as well as the sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension caused by high dietary salt intake.
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Methods |
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Male 4- to 5-week-old Dahl R and S rats of the newly reestablished colony at Harlan Sprague-Dawley Inc (Indianapolis, Ind) were housed in constant room temperature and humidity with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the University of Ottawa Animal Care Committee.
After 3 to 5 days of adaptation, with rats under sodium pentobarbital
anesthesia, a 23-gauge guide needle was fixed on the skull
over the right lateral cerebroventricle, and a 23-gauge stainless steel
right-angled cannula was implanted into the left lateral ventricle, as
previously described.2 The latter was connected
to an osmotic minipump (model 2002; rate, 12 µL/d; Alzet Corp)
for chronic ICV infusion of the AT1 blocker
losartan (1 mg · kg-1 ·
d-1, Merck Research Laboratories), or antibody
Fab fragments (Digibind, Glaxo Wellcome Inc) or -globulins (Sigma
Chemical Co) as control (200 µg/d for both). After surgery, rats were
provided with tap water and either regular rat chow (101 µmol
Na/g, RNa) or high salt rat chow (1370 µmol Na/g, HNa), both
from Harlan Sprague-Dawley Inc, for 4 weeks. Dahl R and S rats were
each divided into 4 groups: Dahl R/RNa/-globulin (n=7); Dahl
R/HNa/-globulin (n=14); Dahl R/HNa/Fab (n=8); Dahl
R/HNa/losartan (n=8); and Dahl S/RNa/-globulin (n=8); Dahl
S/HNa/-globulin (n=8); Dahl S/HNa/Fab (n=8); and Dahl
S/HNa/losartan (n=8). At 7 weeks of age, with rats under
halothane anesthesia, the pumps were replaced with new ones
filled with original compounds for ICV infusion for another 2 weeks.
On the day of the experiment, with rats under halothane anesthesia, catheters were placed into a femoral artery and vein and into the right jugular vein advanced down to the level of the right atrium. With methohexital sodium (Brevital, 30 mg/kg IV, supplemented with 10 mg/kg as needed; Eli Lilly Canada Inc), through a flank incision,2 a pair of silver electrodes (A-M System, Inc) was placed around and fixed to the left renal nerve with silicone rubber (SilGil 604, Wacker).
At 
4 hours after recovery from anesthesia, rats were
placed in a testing cage that permitted movement back and forth. The
intra-arterial catheter and the catheter in the jugular
vein were connected to a transducer, and BP, HR, and central venous
pressure (CVP) were recorded through a polygraph (model 7E, Grass
Instrument Co) and a Grass 7P44 tachograph. The electrodes were linked
to a Grass P511 bandpass amplifier, and renal sympathetic nerve
activity (RSNA, spikes per second) was counted by a nerve traffic
analyzer (model 706C, University of Iowa Bioengineering) and
digitalized. The RSNA was determined by subtracting noise from the
total activity. The noise was determined after the rats had been killed
at the end of the experiment.2
After a 30-minute stabilization period, basal mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR, CVP, and RSNA were recorded. A standardized air stress was then provided for 30 seconds twice at 10-minute intervals, using an air stream (1 to 1.5 psi) directed into the face of the rat.2 Ten minutes after the responses to air stress had subsided, phenylephrine was infused at increasing rates (5 to 50 µg · kg-1 · min-1 IV) to achieve a ramp increase in MAP with a maximum of 50 mm Hg over 1 to 2 minutes. Ten minutes after return to baseline, nitroprusside was infused (5 to 100 µg · kg-1 · min-1 IV) to induce a ramp MAP decrease with a maximum of -50 mm Hg over 1 to 2 minutes. Infusion rate was <0.08 mL/min for both.
After rats had rested for 20 minutes, guanabenz (Sigma) in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; 50 µg/5 µL per minute) was injected ICV using a 26-gauge needle and a Hamilton microsyringe (20 µL volume).2 Twenty minutes after the responses to guanabenz had disappeared, 2 doses of 5% dextrose solution (3.3 and 10.0 mL/kg body wt, IV over 30 seconds) were infused at an interval of 5 minutes. Thirty minutes after the disappearance of the responses to the volume expansion, ouabain (Sigma, 0.5 µg/2 µL aCSF) was injected ICV.
Responses of RSNA were expressed as percentage of baseline. To evaluate
the arterial baroreflex function, changes in RSNA (
RSNA)
or HR (HR) at 5-mm Hg incremental increases and decreases in MAP
were analyzed together as a logistic model, using the logistic
equation
RSNA=P1+P2/[1+eP3(MAP-P4)].2 12
Cardiopulmonary baroreflex function was evaluated by the gain
of the reflex, ie, the slope of the relation between RSNA or HR
and corresponding CVP analyzed by linear regression, combining
the 2 rates of volume expansion.13 Two-way ANOVA
was performed for all data. When F ratios were significant, a Duncan
multi-range test was performed. Statistical significance was defined as
P<0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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At 9 weeks of age, Dahl S on RNa showed a modest but significant increase in MAP compared with Dahl R on RNa. In Dahl R, HNa did not increase resting MAP and HR, and treatment with losartan or Fab fragments had no effect on these parameters. In Dahl S on HNa, resting MAP and HR were significantly increased compared with in Dahl R on either diet or Dahl S on RNa (Table 1
). In contrast, in Dahl S
on HNa treated with either losartan or Fab fragments, resting
MAP or HR did not increase and remained similar to that in Dahl S on
RNa. There were no significant differences in CVP and body weight gain
among the 8 groups of rats (Table 1).
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Responses to Air Stress and ICV Guanabenz
Air stress caused rapid increases in RSNA, MAP, and HR (Figure 1). In Dahl R rats, HNa did not affect
these responses; neither did concomitant treatment with
losartan or Fab fragments. In contrast, in Dahl S on HNa the
magnitudes of increases in RSNA, MAP, and HR were 2- to 2.5-fold of
those in Dahl R on either diet or Dahl S on RNa. These enhanced
responses did not develop when either losartan or Fab fragments
were administered ICV.
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After ICV guanabenz was administered, MAP, RSNA, and HR decreased and
reached a plateau within 4 to 6 minutes (Figure 2). In Dahl R rats, HNa did not affect
these responses; neither did concomitant treatment with
losartan or Fab fragments. In contrast, in Dahl S on HNa,
maximum decreases in RSNA, MAP, and HR were 1.5- to 2-fold of those in
Dahl R on either diet or Dahl S on RNa. These differences were not seen
when either losartan or Fab fragments were given ICV.
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When the responses of MAP and HR to air stress and guanabenz were expressed as percentages of their resting values, the responses changed in similar patterns as observed for absolute values (data not shown).
Responses to ICV Ouabain
ICV ouabain increased RSNA, MAP, and HR (Figure 3). The responses reached plateau levels
within 5 minutes of injection. In Dahl R rats, HNa did not affect these
responses to ouabain. In contrast, in Dahl S on HNa the maximum
responses to ouabain were significantly attenuated compared with those
in Dahl R on either diet or Dahl S on RNa. When Dahl R or S on HNa were
treated with losartan or Fab fragments, responses to ouabain
were markedly decreased, and RSNA and HR responses were no longer
significantly different from the resting values.
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Arterial Baroreflex
Arterial baroreceptor (de)activation elicited by
decreasing/increasing BP by intravenous nitroprusside and
phenylephrine caused the expected reflex changes in RSNA
and HR (Table 2). No
significant differences in the reflex parameters were found
for Dahl S on RNa versus Dahl R on RNa, except that in Dahl S on RNa
the ED50 was significantly increased, indicating
that the reflex was shifted to a higher pressure level. In Dahl S, HNa
significantly decreased the range of RSNA responses, as well as the
maximum slope of the reflex. These changes by HNa in Dahl S rats did
not develop when losartan or Fab fragments were given ICV. In
Dahl S, HNa also shifted the reflex curve to a much higher pressure
level, which was also prevented by ICV losartan or Fab
fragments.
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In Dahl S, the changes in baroreflex control of HR were similar to those of RSNA. In Dahl S on HNa, the slope of reflex was significantly decreased, and the ED50 was further increased. ICV losartan or Fab fragments prevented these changes, and these parameters remained similar to those of Dahl S on RNa.
In Dahl R, HNa increased the maximum slope of reflex control of RSNA compared with that of Dahl R on RNa but did not increase the HR-MAP reflex slope. Losartan or Fab fragments ICV did not affect baroreflex control of either RSNA or HR in Dahl R on HNa.
Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex
Volume expansion caused increases in CVP and decreases in RSNA and
HR. The maximum increase in MAP was <3 mm Hg in all groups of
rats. On RNa, the gain of the reflex control of RSNA and HR tended to
be decreased in Dahl S versus R rats (P=0.07 and
P=0.1, respectively). In Dahl R on HNa versus RNa, the gain
of baroreflex control of RSNA tended to be increased
(P=0.06), but ICV losartan or Fab did not affect the
reflex function. In contrast, in Dahl S, HNa significantly decreased
the gain of cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of both RSNA and
HR, as reflected by the lower slope of the linear relation of RSNA or
HR versus CVP (Figure 4, Table 3). ICV losartan or
Fab fragments prevented decreases in the gain of reflex control of RSNA
or HR in Dahl S rats on HNa.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The present study provides the major new finding that sympathoexcitation, impairment of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex function, and hypertension in Dahl S rats on high salt intake are prevented by concomitant blockade of brain Ang II receptors with losartan in a similar pattern as observed after blockade of brain "ouabain."
Brain Ang II, Sympathetic Hyperactivity, and Hypertension
In SHR, the brain RAS has been shown to contribute to the
sympathetic hyperactivity and BP increase by high salt
intake.6 14 15 The involvement of the brain RAS
in the development of sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension in
Dahl S on high salt has not been evident. Chronic ICV infusion of the
AT1 receptor blocker CV-11974 prevented the
development of hypertension in Dahl-Iwai salt-sensitive rats on high
salt.11 The present study shows that similar
to SHR on high salt,6 in Dahl S chronic ICV
infusion of losartan not only prevents the hypertension but
also prevents an increase in sympathoexcitation and decrease in
sympathoinhibition by high salt intake. Thus, the brain RAS appears
also to be involved in the salt-induced sympathetic hyperactivity and
hypertension in Dahl S rats.
Brain Ang II and Impairment of Baroreflex Function
In Dahl rats, high salt intake sensitizes
arterial16 and
cardiopulmonary17 baroreflex function in
Dahl R rats but desensitizes these baroreflex functions in Dahl S
rats.4 18 We demonstrated
previously4 that in Dahl S rats the impairment of
arterial baroreflex control of RSNA and HR by high salt
intake can be prevented by blockade of brain "ouabain." The
present study confirms this previous finding and demonstrates that
in Dahl S rats blockade of brain "ouabain" also prevents the
impairment of cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of RSNA and HR
by high salt intake. Moreover, the present study shows that
blockade of the brain RAS by losartan also prevents impairment
of both arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex
control in Dahl S rats on high salt. These observations indicate that
both brain "ouabain" and the brain RAS play a major role in the
salt-induced changes in baroreflex control of RSNA and HR in Dahl S
rats.
In Wistar13 or Sprague-Dawley19 rats, chronic central sodium infusion attenuates arterial baroreflex control of RSNA and/or HR. This attenuation also can be prevented by ICV treatment with Fab fragments or losartan,13 indicating that both brain "ouabain" and brain RAS are also involved in the modulation of baroreflex function by CSF sodium. Thus, increases in CSF sodium by high salt intake in Dahl S rats20 may contribute to the impairment of baroreflex function.
In contrast to Dahl S rats, in Dahl R rats high dietary salt sensitized arterial baroreflex control of RSNA and HR, and neither blockade of brain "ouabain" nor blockade of the brain RAS affected this sensitization. Therefore, changes in central pathways involving brain "ouabain" or the brain RAS appear not to be involved in the enhanced baroreflex control in Dahl R rats on high salt intake.
Brain Ang II and Brain Ouabain
Blockade of either brain Ang II or "ouabain" prevents
sodium-dependent sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension in
SHR6 or Dahl S rats (present study). The
following findings support the concept that activation of Ang II
receptors is secondary to brain "ouabain" in the pathways leading
to sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension in salt-sensitive
hypertension. First, in conscious Wistar rats, ICV Fab fragments block
sympathoexcitatory and pressor responses to ICV
hypertonic saline, ouabain, and brain "ouabain" but not to ICV Ang
II, whereas ICV losartan blocks responses to hypertonic saline,
ouabain, and Ang II.21 Second, chronic ICV
treatment with losartan blunts
sympathoexcitatory and pressor responses to
both Ang II and ouabain ICV in SHR on high salt6
and to ouabain ICV in Dahl R or S (present study). Third, in
contrast, in SHR on high salt intake chronic blockade of brain
"ouabain" by ICV Fab fragments does not attenuate but enhances the
responses to ICV Ang II,6 suggesting an
upregulation of brain Ang II receptors after blockade of brain
"ouabain."
The actual pathways involving the activation of brain "ouabain" and Ang II by high salt intake have not yet been clarified. In rat brain, nerve fibers of ouabain-immunopositive neurons are found abundantly in areas such as the anteroventral third ventricle, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the subfornical organ,22 23 where Ang II receptors24 and other components of the brain RAS25 are also present densely. Lesions of the ventral anteroventral third ventricle attenuate pressor responses to ICV hypertonic saline, ouabain, and Ang II26 and prevent central sodium- and ouabain-induced hypertension27 in Wistar rats. Moreover, in conscious Wistar rats, pressor responses to ouabain and hypertonic saline ICV are attenuated by Fab fragments28 or losartan29 in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Both Fab fragments and losartan in the MnPO significantly decreased BP in SHR on high but not on regular salt intake.28 29 These results suggest that in the MnPO both "ouabain" and Ang II mediate at least some of the responses to ICV hypertonic saline and high dietary salt in SHR. In rats the preoptic area, which is adjacent to the MnPO, is a principal location in the hypothalamus, facilitating the arterial baroreflex via the nucleus raphe magnus.30 Further studies are needed to clarify whether Ang II and ouabain in the preoptic area or perhaps brain stem areas such as the nucleus tractus solitarii31 are involved in the salt-induced desensitization of baroreflex function in SHR and Dahl S rats.
In summary, the present study demonstrates that compared with Dahl S on regular salt or Dahl R on high or regular salt diet, in Dahl S on high salt sympathoinhibitory activity is decreased, sympathoexcitatory responses are increased, and arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of RSNA and HR is impaired. Concomitant ICV treatment with losartan or Fab fragments prevents these changes to a similar extent. We conclude that both brain Ang II and brain "ouabain" contribute to the sympathetic hyperactivity, impairment of baroreflex control of RSNA and HR, and development of hypertension in Dahl S on high sodium. We speculate that brain Ang II receptor stimulation occurs downstream from brain "ouabain" receptor activation.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by operating grant MT-11897 from the Medical Research Council of Canada and an unrestricted grant from Apotex Inc, Toronto, Canada. Digibind was a generous gift from Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Toronto, Canada, and losartan was from Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ.
Received June 17, 1998; first decision July 1, 1998; accepted July 15, 1998.
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 B. S. Huang, W. J. Cheung, H. Wang, J. Tan, R. A. White, and F. H. H. Leenen Activation of brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by central sodium in Wistar rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): H1109 - H1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Sheriff, M. A. P. Fontes, S. Killinger, J. Horiuchi, and R. A. L. Dampney Blockade of AT1 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla increases sympathetic activity under hypoxic conditions Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): R733 - R740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang and F. H. H. Leenen Blockade of brain mineralocorticoid receptors or Na+ channels prevents sympathetic hyperactivity and improves cardiac function in rats post-MI Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2491 - H2497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang, H. Wang, and F. H. H. Leenen Chronic central infusion of aldosterone leads to sympathetic hyperreactivity and hypertension in Dahl S but not Dahl R rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): H517 - H524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Lu, B. G. Helwig, R. J. Fels, S. Parimi, and M. J. Kenney Central Tempol alters basal sympathetic nerve discharge and attenuates sympathetic excitation to central ANG II Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2626 - H2633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang, B. N. Van Vliet, and F. H. H. Leenen Increases in CSF [Na+] precede the increases in blood pressure in Dahl S rats and SHR on a high-salt diet Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1160 - H1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Swenson, R. C. Speth, and J. P. Porter Effect of a perinatal high-salt diet on blood pressure control mechanisms in young Sprague-Dawley rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): R764 - R770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wang, B. S. Huang, and F. H. H. Leenen Brain sodium channels and ouabainlike compounds mediate central aldosterone-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2516 - H2523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Wang, S. J. Veerasingham, J. Tan, and F. H. H. Leenen Effects of high salt intake on brain AT1 receptor densities in Dahl rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H1949 - H1955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wang, R. White, and F. H. H. Leenen Stimulation of brain Na+ channels by FMRFamide in Dahl SS and SR rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H2013 - H2018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ito, M. Hiratsuka, K. Komatsu, K. Tsukamoto, K. Kanmatsuse, and A. F. Sved Ventrolateral Medulla AT1 Receptors Support Arterial Pressure in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 744 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wang and F. H.H. Leenen Brain Sodium Channels Mediate Increases in Brain "Ouabain" and Blood Pressure in Dahl S Rats Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 96 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M. Campese, S. Ye, and H. Zhong Downregulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Interleukin-1{beta} Mediates Angiotensin II-Dependent Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerve Activity Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 519 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang and F. H.H. Leenen Brain Amiloride-Sensitive Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2-Gated Na+ Channels and Na+-Induced Sympathoexcitation and Hypertension Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 557 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang, H. Wang, and F. H. H. Leenen Enhanced sympathoexcitatory and pressor responses to central Na+ in Dahl salt-sensitive vs. -resistant rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): H1881 - H1889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. E. De Wardener The Hypothalamus and Hypertension Physiol Rev, October 1, 2001; 81(4): 1599 - 1658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Zhang and F. H. H. Leenen AT1 receptor blockers prevent sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension by chronic ouabain and hypertonic saline Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1318 - H1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H. H. Leenen and B. Yuan Prevention of Hypertension by Irbesartan in Dahl S Rats Relates to Central Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade Hypertension, March 1, 2001; 37(3): 981 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang, D. Ganten, and F. H. H. Leenen Responses to Central Na+ and Ouabain Are Attenuated in Transgenic Rats Deficient in Brain Angiotensinogen Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 683 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Grisk, B. A. J. Frey, A. Uber, and R. Rettig Sympathetic activity in early renal posttransplantation hypertension in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): R1737 - R1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Huang and F. H. H. Leenen Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Ouabain-Induced Sympathetic Hyperactivity and Hypertension in Wistar Rats Hypertension, July 1, 1999; 34(1): 107 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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