(Hypertension. 1999;33:419-423.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Role of 20-HETE in Elevating Chloride Transport in the Thick Ascending Limb of Dahl SS/Jr Rats
From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Correspondence to Richard J. Roman, PhD, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226. E-mail rroman{at}post.its.mcw.edu
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Abstract—This study examined the role of endogenous 20 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in elevating Cl- transport in the medullary thick ascending loop of Henle (MTAL) of 9-week-old male Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) and salt-resistant (SR/Jr) rats perfused in vitro. Basal transepithelial voltage (Vte; 14.9±0.9 versus 10.1±0.5 mV) and net lumen-to-bath Cl- flux (JCl) (155±6 versus 127±5 pEq · min-1 · mm-1) were significantly greater in MTAL isolated from SS/Jr rats (n=16) than in those obtained from SR/Jr rats (n=16). Blockade of the synthesis of 20-HETE with 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA; 10 µmol/L) increased Vte from 9.9±0.8 to 13.1±1.0 mV and JCl from 127±7 to 152±8 pEq · min-1 · mm-1 in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats (n=8), but it had no significant effect on Vte or JCl in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats (n=8). Exogenous 20-HETE (1 µmol/L) decreased Vte from 14.8±0.6 to 10.5±0.6 mV and JCl from 155±10 to 116±6 pEq · min-1 · mm-1 in MTAL of SS/Jr rats (n=8), but it had no effect on Vte or JCl in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats (n=8). The expression of P4504A2 protein in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats was approximately half of that seen in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats. These results indicate that endogenously formed 20-HETE regulates transepithelial voltage and Cl- transport in the MTAL and that a diminished production of 20-HETE contributes to an elevation in Cl- transport in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats.
Key Words: kidney • sodium • potassium • ion transport • cytochrome P450 • hypertension, salt-sensitive • blood pressure
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Introduction |
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Renal transplantation studies have indicated that some form of renal dysfunction underlies the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) rats; however, the factors responsible for altering kidney function are still unknown.1 2 We and others have reported that the pressure-natriuresis relationship is reset toward higher pressures before the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive/John Rapp substrain (SS/Jr) rats.2 3 4 5 6 Previous micropuncture studies have indicated that Cl- reabsorption is elevated in the loop of Henle, somewhere between the accessible portions of the late proximal and early distal tubule in Dahl SS/Jr rats.5 7 8 9 However, the exact nephron segment involved could not be identified because this portion of the nephron spans 4 distinct segments, including the Pars recta, thin ascending and descending limbs, and the thick ascending loop of Henle. Moreover, it remains to be determined whether the alterations in sodium and chloride reabsorption seen in Dahl SS/Jr rats are related to intrinsic differences in the regulation of ion transport in a specific cell type in the kidney or are secondary to strain differences in renal hemodynamics, physical factors, the levels of circulating hormones and paracrine factors, or all of these that modify sodium transport in vivo.
Recent observations have suggested that changes in the renal metabolism of arachidonic acid by enzymes of the P4504A family may contribute to the elevation in loop Cl- transport and the development of hypertension in Dahl SS/Jr rats. In this regard, the formation of 20 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is reduced, and the levels of P4504A protein are lower in the renal outer medulla of SS/Jr rats than in normotensive strains of rats.10 11 Previous studies have also indicated that 20-HETE is the primary metabolite of arachidonic acid that is produced in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.12 13 20-HETE is a potent inhibitor of Na+-K+-2Cl- transport in these cells.13 14 Thus, it is possible that a deficiency in the formation of this substance could contribute to the elevation in loop Cl- transport seen in SS/Jr rats. Our recent finding that in vivo perfusion of the loop of Henle of SS/Jr rats with exogenous 20-HETE normalizes loop Cl- transport supports this view.9 This hypothesis is also consistent with previous observations that (1) a genetic marker within P4504A2 gene cosegregates with blood pressure in a F2 cross of SS/Jr and Lewis rats,11 (2) induction of the renal production of 20-HETE attenuates the development of hypertension in SS/Jr rats,15 and (3) chronic inhibition of 20-HETE formation in the outer medulla induces salt-sensitive hypertension in Lewis rats.16
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Cl- transport and transepithelial potential are elevated in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle (MTAL) of SS/Jr rats perfused in vitro and to compare the effects of blockade of 20-HETE formation with 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) and exogenous 20-HETE on Cl- transport in the MTAL of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats. In addition, the expression of P4504A protein was compared in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats and of a salt-resistant/John Rapp substrain (SR/Jr) of rats.
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Methods |
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Experiments were performed on 9-week-old male SS/Jr, SR/Jr, Lewis, and Sprague-Dawley rats. The SR/Jr, Lewis, and Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN), and the SS/Jr rats were obtained from a colony maintained at the Medical College of Wisconsin by brother-sister mating since 1991. The rats were housed in an Animal Care Facility that is approved by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. The rats were maintained on a low salt diet (0.4% NaCl) throughout the study. All protocols received prior approval by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Medical College of Wisconsin.
In Vitro Microperfusion of the MTAL
The rats were anesthetized with an
intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital
(30 mg/kg). MTALs were dissected from the outer medulla with fine
forceps and perfused in vitro at a rate of 20 nL/min, according to the
technique of Burg et al.17 Bath temperature was maintained
at 37°C, and the perfusion and the bath solutions contained (in
mmol/L) 135 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.5 CaCl2, 1
MgCl2, 2
KH2PO4, 5.5 glucose, 5
L-alanine, and 10 HEPES (pH 7.4) and were equilibrated with 100%
oxygen.
Transepithelial voltage (Vte) was measured between Ag-AgCl wires inserted into 0.9% NaCl–4% agar bridges that were attached to the perfusion pipette and the bath. Net lumen-to-bath Cl- flux (JCl) was also measured in some experiments. In these experiments, the perfusion rate was lowered to 5 nL/min, and the Cl- concentration of the perfusate and collected fluid was measured with a microtitrator (model F-25; WPI).
Control Vte and JCl were measured after a 60-minute equilibration period. Then, 17-ODYA (10 µmol/L), an inhibitor of the formation of 20-HETE,18 or 20-HETE (1 µmol/L) was added to the bath, and 20 minutes later Vte and JCl were redetermined.
Bulk Isolation of MTAL
MTALs were isolated with the method of Trinh-Trang-Tan et
al.19 20 The kidney was flushed with 10 mL
physiological salt solution containing 1 mg/mL
collagenase (type II, 190 U/mg, Worthington Biochemical),
hyaluronidase (300 U/mg, Sigma Chemical), and soybean trypsin
inhibitor (10 000 U/mg, Sigma). The inner stripe of the
outer medulla was incubated in physiological salt
solution containing 0.3 mg/mL collagenase, hyaluronidase,
and trypsin inhibitor for 3 15-minute periods at 37°C.
The supernatant was poured through a 70-µm nylon sieve. The sieve was
rinsed, and the retained tissue enriched with MTALs (>95%) was
resuspended in 100 µL of a buffer containing 100 mmol/L
potassium phosphate (pH 7.25), 30% glycerol, 1 mmol/L
dithiothreitol, and 0.1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl
fluoride. The MTALs were homogenized and then
centrifuged at 9 000 g for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was
collected. The protein concentration of these samples was measured
using the Bradford method.21
Immunoblot Analysis
Proteins were separated by electrophoresis on a 10x20 cm, 8.5%
sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel and
transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked in
buffer containing 10% nonfat dry milk. The membrane was then incubated
for 2 hours with a 1:4000 dilution of a P4504A polyclonal antibody
(Daiichi Pure Chemicals) followed by a 1-hour incubation with a 1:2000
dilution of a secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biolaboratory).
Immunoblots were developed using an enhanced
chemiluminesence kit (ECL, Amersham). The relative intensities of the
bands in the 50- to 52-kDa range were quantified with a densitometer
(Personal Densitometer SI; Molecular Dynamics).
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SE. The significance of differences
in mean values between and within groups was determined using unpaired
and paired t tests. A value of P<0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Basal Cl- Transport in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr and Normotensive Rats
A comparison of Vte and JCl in MTAL of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats is presented in Figure 1
. Basal
Vte in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats (n=16) was
significantly greater than that seen in SR/Jr rats (n=16) or in
normotensive Sprague-Dawley (10.2±1.2 mV, n=8) or Lewis rats (6.6±0.9
mV, n= 8). Baseline JCl in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats
was also significantly greater than that seen in SR/Jr rats (Figure 1).
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Effect of 17-ODYA on Cl- Transport in the
MTAL
A comparison of the effects of blockade of 20-HETE formation with
17-ODYA on Vte and JCl in
the MTAL of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats is presented in Figure 2. The addition of 17-ODYA (10
µmol/L) to the bath had no effect on Vte and
JCl in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats. In contrast,
Vte and JCl increased
significantly in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats after the addition of 17-ODYA.
A similar effect of 17-ODYA on Vte was also
observed in the MTAL of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (from
10.2±1.2 to 13.8±1.3 mV, n=8, P<0.001) and Lewis rats
(from 6.6±0.9 to 8.6±0.9 mV, n=8, P<0.005). To determine
whether this effect was specific to blockade of the
metabolism of arachidonic acid by P-450, we
examined the effects of indomethacin on
Vte in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats. The addition of
indomethacin (10 µmol/L) to the bath had no
significant effect on Vte (10.3±0.7 versus
10.3±0.6 mV, n=8) in these experiments.
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Effect of 20-HETE on Cl- Transport in the
MTAL
A comparison of the effects of exogenous 20-HETE (1 µmol/L)
on Vte and JCl in the MTAL
of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats is presented in Figure 3. The addition of 20-HETE (1
µmol/L) to the bath significantly reduced Vte
and JCl in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats, but it had no
significant effect in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats.
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Expression of P4504A Proteins in the MTAL of Dahl Rats
A comparison of the levels of P4504A enzymes responsible for the
formation of 20-HETE in the MTAL of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats is
presented in Figure 4. One
immunoreactive band was detected in homogenates prepared
from the MTAL of SS/Jr and SR/Jr rats. In comparison with rat liver
standards, this isoform migrated like the P4504A2 isoform. The level of
P4504A protein in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats was twice as high as that seen
in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats. In other experiments, we confirmed that the
levels of P4504A protein were also higher in MTAL isolated from
Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats than in MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats (data not
shown).
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Discussion |
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The present study examined whether Cl- transport is elevated in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr perfused in vitro and the hypothesis that a deficiency in the production of 20-HETE in the MTAL contributes to alterations in the renal handling of sodium and chloride previously reported in this strain of rats in vivo.2 3 4 5 6 The results indicate that Cl- reabsorption is elevated in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats perfused in vitro as compared with that seen in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats. Vte is also 30% higher in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats as compared with the levels seen in normotensive SR/Jr, Sprague-Dawley, and Lewis strains of rats. The significance of these findings is that they are the first to identify the MTAL as the renal cell type in which tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride is elevated in SS/Jr rats. Indeed, all previous work has indicated that sodium reabsorption is actually reduced in all other nephron segments in Dahl SS/Jr rats, perhaps as an adaptation to chronic sodium retention.7
Another important aspect that we found is that there is a phenotypic
difference in the regulation of Cl- transport in
the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats that can still be demonstrated in vitro and
that is therefore independent of strain differences in renal
hemodynamics, the levels of circulating hormones and
paracrine factors, or both that influence sodium reabsorption in vivo.
Thus, measurement of Vte and
JCl in the MTAL may serve as valuable
intermediate phenotypes to identify chromosomal regions and
candidate genes that influence salt-sensitivity in this model.
Moreover, the present findings suggest that all of the factors that
regulate Cl- transport in the MTAL can now be
considered to be viable candidate genes for the development of
hypertension. These include subunits of
Na+,K+-ATPase, the
Na+,K+,2Cl-
cotransporter, and the 70- and 30-pS apical K+
channels that regulate Vte in the MTAL. Indeed, a
molecular variant of the 
subunit of Na,K-ATPase has been linked to
alterations in blood pressure and red cell transport in Dahl SS/Jr
rats.22 Mutations in the
Na+,K+,
2Cl- cotransporter have also been shown to alter
blood pressure in humans.23 It should also be noted that
the activity of this transporter is regulated by hormones and paracrine
factors that act via the cAMP, cGMP, protein kinase C, and cytochrome
P-450/arachidonic acid pathways. Thus, components of
these signal transduction pathways can also be considered as potential
candidate genes for salt-sensitivity in Dahl SS/Jr rats.
Previous studies have indicated that 20-HETE is the primary metabolite of arachidonic acid produced in thick ascending limb cells of rabbits and that 20-HETE inhibits rubidium uptake, an indirect index of Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransport, in these cells.13 14 Moreover, recent patch-clamp studies have indicated that 20-HETE blocks an apical K+ channel in the MTAL.24 Blockade of this channel should reduce Vte and the availability of K+ for reuptake by the Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter in the MTAL. These findings have led to the suggestion that 20-HETE plays a key role in the regulation of sodium and Cl- transport in this segment of the nephron.13 14 24 However, this hypothesis has yet to be directly tested in an intact tubule. The present findings that blockade of the formation of 20-HETE with 17-ODYA increased Vte in the MTAL of 3 different strains of rats now provides the first direct evidence that endogenously formed cytochrome P-450 metabolites regulate Cl- transport and Vte in this nephron segment. These findings also indicate that 20-HETE probably limits passive reabsorption of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in the MTAL because the transepithelial potential provides the major driving force for the passive movement of cations in this segment. The results of the present study are also consistent with recent studies indicating that the inhibitory effects of Ca2+, bradykinin, tumor necrosis factor, endothelin, and angiotensin II on sodium transport in the thick ascending limb are attenuated by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors and likely are mediated by 20-HETE.24 25 26 27 28
The present study also examined the hypothesis that a deficiency in the production of 20-HETE contributes to the elevation in Cl- transport in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats. The results indicate that the expression of the P4504A2 enzyme responsible for the formation of 20-HETE is reduced in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats relative to the levels seen in the MTAL of SR/Jr rats. Similar results were seen when the levels of P4504A protein in the MTAL of SS/Jr were compared with those seen in Sprague-Dawley or Lewis rats. This finding is consistent with our previous studies indicating that the production of 20-HETE is reduced in microsomes prepared from the outer medulla of Dahl SS/Jr rats relative to levels seen in SR/Jr and Lewis rats.10 11 Moreover, our in vitro microperfusion studies now provide direct functional evidence that a deficiency in the production of 20-HETE contributes to the elevation in Cl- transport and Vte in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats. In this regard, we found that an inhibitor of the production of 20-HETE enhanced Vte and Cl- transport in the MTAL of SR/Jr, Sprague-Dawley, and Lewis rats to the same level as that seen in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats. However, it had no effect on Cl- transport in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats in which the endogenous levels of 20-HETE were perhaps below the threshold concentration needed to inhibit Cl- transport. Moreover, exogenous 20-HETE reduced Cl- transport in the MTAL of SS/Jr rats, but it had no effect on Cl- transport in Dahl SR/Jr rats in which the endogenous levels of 20-HETE might already have been high enough to maximally reduce baseline Vte.
In summary, the results of the present study indicate that there is a phenotypic elevation in Cl- transport in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats and provides direct evidence that there is differential expression of a gene (P4504A) that cosegregates with blood pressure11 in the renal cell type (MTAL) in which sodium transport is elevated in Dahl SS/Jr rats. The results also indicate that 20-HETE produced by the P4504A enzyme exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on Cl- transport in the MTAL and provides functional evidence that a deficiency in the formation of 20-HETE contributes to the elevation in Cl- transport in the MTAL of Dahl SS/Jr rats. Overall, these findings provide a strong rationale for further evaluation of the P4504A gene as a candidate for mediating salt-sensitivity in Dahl SS/Jr rats.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by Grants HL-29587 and HL-36279 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Received September 16, 1998; first decision October 9, 1998; accepted October 20, 1998.
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J. M. Williams, X. Zhao, M. H. Wang, J. D. Imig, and D. M. Pollock Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Activation Reduces Salt-Dependent Hypertension During Chronic Endothelin B Receptor Blockade Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 366 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. A. Dos Santos, A. J. Dahly-Vernon, K. M. Hoagland, and R. J. Roman Inhibition of the formation of EETs and 20-HETE with 1-aminobenzotriazole attenuates pressure natriuresis Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): R58 - R68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Aviv, N. K. Hollenberg, and A. Weder Urinary Potassium Excretion and Sodium Sensitivity in Blacks Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 707 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Hoagland, A. K. Flasch, A. J. Dahly-Vernon, E. A. dos Santos, M. A. Knepper, and R. J. Roman Elevated BSC-1 and ROMK Expression in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat Kidneys Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 860 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Mori and A. W. Cowley Jr. Renal Oxidative Stress in Medullary Thick Ascending Limbs Produced by Elevated NaCl and Glucose Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 341 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Hoagland, A. K. Flasch, and R. J. Roman Inhibitors of 20-HETE Formation Promote Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 669 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Stec, A. Flasch, R. J. Roman, and J. A. White Distribution of cytochrome P-450 4A and 4F isoforms along the nephron in mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): F95 - F102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Dahly, K. M. Hoagland, A. K. Flasch, S. Jha, S. R. Ledbetter, and R. J. Roman Antihypertensive effects of chronic anti-TGF-beta antibody therapy in Dahl S rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): R757 - R767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Szentivanyi Jr., A.-P. Zou, D. L. Mattson, P. Soares, C. Moreno, R. J. Roman, and A. W. Cowley Jr. Renal medullary nitric oxide deficit of Dahl S rats enhances hypertensive actions of angiotensin II Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): R266 - R272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Ortiz and J. L. Garvin Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of nephron transport Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): F777 - F784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. J. Roman P-450 Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid in the Control of Cardiovascular Function Physiol Rev, January 1, 2002; 82(1): 131 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. E. MAGYAR, Y. ZHANG, N.-H. HOLSTEIN-RATHLOU, and A. A. MCDONOUGH Downstream Shift in Sodium Pump Activity along the Nephron during Acute Hypertension J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2001; 12(11): 2231 - 2240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Ortiz and J. L. Garvin Intrarenal Transport and Vasoactive Substances in Hypertension Hypertension, September 1, 2001; 38(3): 621 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Ito, K. Omata, S. Ito, K. M. Hoagland, and R. J. Roman Effects of converting enzyme inhibitors on renal P-450 metabolism of arachidonic acid Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): R822 - R830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Quigley, M. Baum, K. M. Reddy, J. C. Griener, and J. R. Falck Effects of 20-HETE and 19(S)-HETE on rabbit proximal straight tubule volume transport Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2000; 278(6): F949 - F953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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