(Hypertension. 1999;33:1146-1152.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Ventricular Adrenomedullin Levels Correlate With the Extent of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats
From the Research Institute (A.M., T.N., F.Y., H.M., K.K.) and Department of Medicine (T.H., N.N.), National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, and First Internal Medicine of Nara Medical School (A.M., K.D.), Nara, Japan.
Correspondence to Toshio Nishikimi, MD, Division of Hypertension, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. E-mail nishikim{at}jsc.ri.ncvc.go.jp
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Abstract |
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Abstract—We investigated the pathophysiological significance of adrenomedullin (AM) in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). LVH was produced by aortic banding (AB) in rats. The left ventricular weight/body weight (LV/BW) ratio, ventricular AM peptide and mRNA levels, and hemodynamics were measured at 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after the operation. Both LV/BW ratio and ventricular AM levels showed a significant increase from 1 day after the operation in the AB rats versus the sham-operated rats. Both increased in a time-dependent manner. The ventricular AM levels correlated with the LV/BW ratio (r=0.76, P<0.01). The AM mRNA levels were highly expressed at 1 day after the operation in the AB rats but showed no difference from 3 to 21 days after the operation between the AB and sham groups. The plasma AM levels showed a peak at 1 day after the operation in both groups. Then, we treated AB rats with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (quinapril) in 2 doses (1 and 10 mg · kg-1 · d-1) for 21 days. The quinapril treatment attenuated similarly both the LV/BW ratio and the ventricular AM levels. We also assessed the effects of AM and hydralazine administration for 7 days on the LV/BW ratio and hemodynamics of AB rats. Both AM and hydralazine administration reduced the blood pressure by
10% compared with the nontreated AB rats, but a reduction of the
LV/BW ratio was observed only in the AM-treated group
(P<0.05). These results suggest that
ventricular AM levels are elevated by chronic pressure
overload in a time-dependent manner concomitant with the extent of LVH
and that AM may play a pathophysiological role in
the development of LVH in chronic pressure overload.
Key Words: adrenomedullin • gene expression • hypertrophy, left ventricular • pressure overload
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Introduction |
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Adrenomedullin (AM) is widely distributed in various tissues including the heart.1 2 Cloning of the cDNA encoding the AM precursor showed that this gene is highly expressed in the heart, adrenal glands, kidneys, and lungs of both rats and humans.3 4 Binding studies demonstrated that abundant and specific receptors for this peptide are highly present in the heart, lung, spleen, and kidneys.5 The presence of AM peptide, mRNA, and the receptors of AM in the heart indicates that this peptide may be involved in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Indeed, previous studies revealed that ventricular AM levels are increased in several hypertensive models with cardiac hypertrophy.6 7 8 Furthermore, a recent study revealed that rats subjected to a chronic pressure overload by administration of angiotensin II have higher left ventricular weight and left ventricular AM mRNA levels.9 However, the pathophysiological significance and time course of AM peptide and mRNA levels in the development of pressure-overload hypertrophy remain unknown.
In the present study, to investigate the pathophysiological significance of AM in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), we measured the hemodynamics and tissue peptide and mRNA levels of AM and plasma AM, hormone levels, and the degree of LVH at 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after an aortic banding operation in a LVH rat model. We also assessed the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) on the hemodynamics, the ventricular peptide and mRNA levels of AM, and the degree of hypertrophy to elucidate the relationship between the regression of hypertrophy and ventricular AM levels. In addition, to investigate the effect of increased plasma AM levels on LVH, we assessed the effects of a chronic AM infusion on the hemodynamics and ventricular hypertrophy in this LVH model. We compared the effect of AM with hydralazine to examine the effect of AM (excluding the reduction of blood pressure).
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Methods |
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Animals and Surgical Procedures
Study 1
Seven-week-old male Wistar rats (Oriental Bio Service Co, Kyoto, Japan) weighing from 250 to 300 g and given free access to standard rat chow and tap water were used. We randomly divided the rats into 2 groups: (1) a sham-operated group (n=24) and (2) an aortic banded (AB) group (n=28). The animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IP). The aortic banding was performed between the right and left renal arteries with a blunt 26-gauge needle to establish the diameter of the ligature. The sham procedure involved the same amount of anesthesia, approximately the same size of incision, and the placement of a loosely tied ligature in the identical position at the abdominal aorta. At 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after these operations, sham-operated and AB rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IP) and placed on a warming pad to maintain body temperature at 37°C. To measure arterial pressure and heart rate, the right carotid artery was cannulated with a PE-50 polyethylene catheter and the right femoral artery was cannulated with a PE-10 catheter fused to a PE-50 catheter. The catheters were connected to a transducer, and carotid and femoral arterial pressures were recorded on a polygraph (7758B System, Hewlett-Packard). The catheter inserted from the carotid artery was then advanced into the left ventricle (LV) to measure the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Blood samples were drawn from the catheter after hemodynamics were measured. The rats were then euthanized by an injection of 2 mmol of KCl and various tissues were weighed. The tissue specimens were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
Study 2
To examine the effect of ACEI on the
hemodynamics, tissue peptide and mRNA levels of AM, and
the degree of hypertrophy, we administered the ACEI
quinapril. We made AB rats (n=22) and sham rats (n=6) in the same
manner as in Study 1. Quinapril was administered for 21 days from the
day of the banding operation. AB rats were divided into nontreated
(n=11), low-dose (15 mg/L in drinking water, n=6), and high-dose (150
mg/L in drinking water, n=5) quinapril-administered groups. Quinapril
was dissolved in the drinking water. The rats drank 20 mL of
drinking water per day. Thus, the low-dose ACEI treated group was
administered 1 mg · kg-1 ·
d-1 of quinapril and high-dose treated group, 10
mg · kg-1 ·
d-1. On day 21 of quinapril treatment, the rats
were anesthetized and the hemodynamics and
blood and tissue samples were measured in the same manner as in Study
1.
Study 3
To investigate the effect of a chronic infusion of AM on
hemodynamics and pressure overload–induced LVH , we
produced LVH with tight abdominal aortic banding as in study 1. The AB
rats were randomized to receive treatment with AM (n=10),
hydralazine (n=10), or vehicle (n=11). AM was infused
continuously by a subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump (model 2
ML4, Alza). The osmotic minipump was implanted just after the banding
operation, and the AM infusion (400 ng/h) was maintained for 7 days.
Sham-operated rats received an implanted osmotic minipump filled with
saline. Because we wanted to exclude differences in blood pressure (a
major factor affecting the development of hypertrophy), we
administered the arterial vasodilator hydralazine
(Sigma Chemical Co.) orally (75 mg/L of drinking water) for 7 days to
reduce the blood pressure to the same levels as those produced by the
AM infusion. On day 7 after the operation, the rats were
anesthetized and hemodynamics and blood and
tissue samples were measured in the same manner as in Study 1.
AM mRNA Determination
Total RNA was extracted from the left ventricle by the acid
guanidinium thiocyanate–phenol-chloroform method, according to the
method previously described.10 The total RNA pellet was
dissolved in 0.1% diethyl pyrocarbonate–treated water and stored at
-80°C until use. The RNA concentration was determined on the basis
of absorbance at 260 nm. The transfer, cross-link, and hybridization
were performed as reported previously11 with a
32P-labeled cDNA probe for rat AM. The band
intensity was estimated by a radioimage analyzer (BAS-5000,
Fuji Film). To normalize the rat AM signal to the loaded amounts and
transfer efficiencies, the same membrane was rehybridized with an 18S
oligonucleotide probe.
Radioimmunoassay of AM and Other Hormones
The plasma samples were diluted with an equal volume of saline
and loaded onto a Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge (1.0 mL) that was
preequilibrated with saline. The adsorbed materials were eluted with
4.0 mL of 60% acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The tissues
were weighed and boiled in 10 vol of 1 mol/L acetic acid. Then, the
tissues were homogenized with a Polytron mixer. The
homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g, and
the supernatant was centrifuged again at 15
000g. The supernatant was evaporated in a vacuum until dry.
The radioimmunoassay for rat AM was performed as reported
previously.12 The plasma renin concentration was
measured by a gamma-coat plasma renin activity kit (Dade Behring Co)
and determined by the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I
generated by the incubation of plasma after adding an excess of
angiotensinogen provided by binephrectomized rat plasma.
The plasma aldosterone concentration was measured by
radioimmunoassay; ie, a SPAC-S aldosterone kit (Daiichi
Radioisotope Labs).
Immunohistochemistry
For the immunohistochemical analysis, ventricles were
immediately fixed with 10% formalin. The tissues were embedded in
paraffin, and 4-µm-thick sections were cut and mounted on glass
slides treated with silica. The slides were incubated overnight at
60°C and deparaffinized with graded concentrations of xylene and
ethanol. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a
monoclonal antibody recognizing AM-(46–52) (dilution of ascites,
1:200) as previously reported.13 Nonimmune mouse IgG was
used as a control. The presence of immunoreactive AM was assessed with
light microscopy by trained observers who were unaware of the treatment
conditions used.
Statistical Analysis
All values are expressed as mean±SD. Statistical comparisons
among >2 groups were performed by ANOVA and the Dunnett test for
multiple comparisons. Comparisons between 2 groups were performed by an
unpaired Student t test. A P value <0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Study 1: Changes of Hemodynamics, LV Weight, and Peptide and mRNA Levels of AM at 1, 3, 7, and 21 Days After the Aortic Banding Operation
As shown in Table 1, the AB rats had lower body weight (BW) and left kidney weight and higher right kidney weight throughout the period after the operation. The heart rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The mean carotid arterial pressure was significantly higher and the mean femoral arterial pressure was significantly lower in the AB group than in the sham-operated group from 1 to 21 days after operation. LVEDP was elevated in the AB group from 3 to 21 days after the operation compared with the sham-operated rats. As a result of aortic banding between the right and left renal arteries, plasma renin concentration was
3- to 5-fold higher and the plasma
aldosterone concentration was 2-fold higher in the AB
rats than in sham-operated rats from 1 to 21 days after the
operation.
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The LV weight/BW (LV/BW) ratio (relative LV weight) gradually increased after the operation in the AB group and was significantly increased compared with the sham-operated group. The LV AM levels similarly increased after the operation in a time-dependent manner (Figure 1A and 1B). In contrast, the plasma AM levels showed a peak at 1 day after the operation (Figure 1D). The AM mRNA levels in the LV were highly expressed at 1 day after banding in the AB group compared with those in the sham-operated group, but at 3, 7, and 21 days after the banding, the mRNA levels of AM were not significantly different between the AB and sham-operated groups (Figures 1E and 2). The LV AM levels correlated with the LV/BW ratio (r=0.76, P<0.01; n=52; Figure 1C); in contrast, the plasma AM levels did not correlate with the LV weight.
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P<0.05 vs baseline. Data are mean±SD.
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Study 2: Effects of Quinapril on
Hemodynamics, LV Weight, and the Peptide and mRNA
Levels of AM
As shown in Table 2, the
nontreated and quinapril-treated AB rats had lower BW compared with the
sham-operated rats. The heart rate was not significantly different
among these groups. Quinapril administration decreased both the mean
carotid and femoral arterial pressures in a dose-dependent
manner. The LVEDP was normalized by the administration of both low- and
high-dose quinapril. The weight of the right kidney was increased and
that of the left kidney was decreased in the AB rats versus the
sham-operated rats, and quinapril administration tended to decrease the
bilateral renal weights in a dose-dependent manner. The plasma renin
concentration was 10-fold higher in the low-dose quinapril group and
20-fold higher in the high-dose quinapril group than in the
sham-operated group. In contrast, the elevated plasma
aldosterone concentration due to AB was markedly decreased
by administering quinapril.
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Administration of quinapril for 21 days inhibited ventricular hypertrophy and similarly decreased the LV AM levels in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3A and 3B). The LV AM levels correlated with the LV/BW ratio (r=0.59, P<0.01; n=28). The AM mRNA levels of the LV tended to decrease only in the high-dose quinapril group but not significantly (data not shown).
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Study 3: Effects of AM on Hemodynamics, LV Weight,
and AM Levels
As shown in Table 3, the nontreated,
AM-infused, and hydralazine-administered AB rats had lower BW
versus the sham-operated rats. The heart rate was not significantly
different among these groups. The AM infusion and the
hydralazine administration reduced the mean carotid
arterial pressure by 10% compared with the nontreated
AB group. The mean femoral artery pressure was not significantly
different between the AB and AB with AM infusion groups; in contrast,
it was significantly lower in the AB with hydralazine group.
LVEDP was normalized by the AM infusion and by the hydralazine
administration. The right kidney weight was increased and the left
kidney weight was decreased in the nontreated AB group versus the
sham-operated group. The AM infusion and hydralazine did not
affect the renal weights. The plasma renin concentration tended to be
higher in the hydralazine-treated group. In contrast, plasma
aldosterone concentration tended to be lower in the AM
infusion group and higher in the hydralazine group compared
with the nontreated AB group, and it was significantly decreased in the
AM infusion group versus the hydralazine-treated group.
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The LV/BW ratio was attenuated only in the AB with AM infusion group compared with the nontreated AB group (Figure 4A). Hydralazine did not affect either the LV/BW ratio or the LV AM level. LV AM levels were 22% greater in the AM infusion group than in the nontreated AB group, and the plasma AM levels were about 5-fold greater in the AM infusion group compared with the nontreated AB group (Figure 4B and 4C).
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P<0.05 vs
AB treated with AM group. Data are mean±SD.
Immunohistochemistry
The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AM
immunoreactivity was more intense in hypertrophied
ventricular myocytes than normal ventricular
myocytes. The hypertrophied ventricles showed perivascular fibrosis,
and there was no evidence of immunoreactivity in such connective
tissues (Figure 5).
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Discussion |
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In the present study, we demonstrated that the ventricular AM levels increase with the development of ventricular hypertrophy induced by AB and that the LV AM levels correlated with the extent of LVH. The plasma AM levels showed a peak at 1 day after the aortic banding operation; higher AM gene expression was observed only 1 day after this operation. The ACEI treatment decreased the LV AM levels with a concomitant reduction of LVH. In addition, a chronic AM infusion to AB rats significantly decreased the arterial pressure and LVH. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying regulation of plasma and ventricular AM during the development of LVH by pressure overload differ from each other and that increased ventricular AM levels correlate with the extent of LVH induced by chronic pressure overload caused by aortic banding in rats.
In the present study, the LV AM levels were higher in the AB group than in the sham-operated group; levels gradually increased in a time-dependent manner with a concomitant increase of LV weight. The LV AM levels correlated with the extent of LVH. Previous studies showed that ventricular AM levels are also increased in several rat hypertension models.6 7 8 9 These results suggest that tissue AM levels in the ventricle become increasingly elevated with the development of pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. These findings may support a potential role for AM in cardiac hypertrophy.
Although the LV AM levels gradually increased in a time-dependent manner, the AM mRNA levels of LV were not elevated in the present AB group compared with the sham-operated group, except at 1 day after the operation. Shimokubo et al7 reported the similar finding that cardiac AM levels were higher in spontaneous hypertensive rats versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, although the AM mRNA levels in the spontaneously hypertensive rats were not significantly different from those of the control rats. These findings in chronic pressure-overloaded rats are consistent with our present results. In contrast, Kaiser et al14 recently reported that pressure overload by AB did not stimulate AM mRNA levels from soon after the operation to 28 days later. Although the reason for the discrepancy between their results and ours is unknown at present, the LV/BW ratio was not increased at 1 day after banding in their study, whereas it was significantly increased at 1 day after banding in the present study. A difference in the severity of the banding in the 2 studies may account for the discrepancy. The exact cellular mechanism of the elevation of LV AM levels without enhanced gene expression in pressure overloaded rats remains to be identified.
In the present study, plasma AM levels showed a peak at 1 day after the operation in the present AB group and a small peak in the sham-operated group. The small peak in the plasma AM levels at 1 day after the operation in the present sham-operated group may be due to the effect of invasive operation. The higher peak of the AB group at 1 day after the operation compared with the sham-operated rats may be due to mechanical, stress-stimulated AM production at the vascular wall in addition to the effect of invasive operation. It has been reported that mechanical stress stimulates the AM production in vascular endothelial walls.15 The elevated plasma AM levels in the chronic phase in the present AB group may also reflect mechanical, stress-stimulated AM production from systemic vascular walls with pressure overload. It has been found that shear stress augments expression of AM from the vascular endothelial wall in a time-dependent manner.15 The exact mechanism of increased plasma AM levels in the chronic phase of this model needs further study.
In this study, AB rats treated with quinapril showed a similar decrease in both LV AM levels and LV/BW ratio. In study 1, we demonstrated that the ventricular AM levels increase with the development of ventricular hypertrophy in a time-dependent manner. In addition, LV AM levels decreased according to the regression of LVH by quinapril treatment. These results suggest that AM and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may affect each other and regulate the cardiac hypertrophy. However, the exact mechanism of AM in cardiac hypertrophy is unknown at present. Further research is necessary to reveal the exact role of tissue AM of LV in cardiac hypertrophy.
The infusion of AM and the administration of hydralazine
to AB rats produced a similar reduction in the mean carotid
arterial pressure of 10%. However, only the AM infusion
reduced ventricular weight. It is well known that the
reduction of blood pressure by hydralazine induces the
activation of the sympathetic nervous system and counteracts the
regression of LVH.16 The administration of
hydralazine induces tachycardia only in the acute
phase and increases ventricular sympathetic activity
without tachycardia in the chronic phase.16 In
contrast, it was reported that hypotension-induced
tachycardia was not produced by an AM
infusion,17 which suggests that AM attenuates the
hypotension reflex–mediated sympathetic nerve activation. Indeed,
Fukuhara et al18 reported that an intravenous
AM infusion exerted a hypotensive action that is associated with
attenuated reflex–mediated sympathetic nerve activation. These results
suggest that the difference of sympathetic nerve activity between AM
and hydralazine may in part explain their different effects on
ventricular hypertrophy.
Long-term or short-term AM administration was reported to significantly decrease plasma aldosterone levels.19 Also, aldosterone was shown to play an important role in LVH by AB in rats.20 The present study showed that a chronic infusion of AM tended to decrease the plasma aldosterone level, although the difference did not reach significance. Thus, an attenuation of the increase in plasma aldosterone level by AM may be involved in the difference in the effects on hypertrophy between AM and hydralazine.
The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AM immunoreactivity was more intense in hypertrophied ventricular myocytes than normal ventricular myocytes and that there was no evidence of AM immunoreactivity in the connective tissues. Similarly, Jougasaki et al21 previously reported that AM immunoreactivity in the myocyte is more highly expressed in the failing heart than in the normal heart and that there was no evidence of AM immunoreactivity in the connective tissues. These results suggest that the ventricular myocyte, not the nonmyocyte, may be a major source of increased ventricular AM levels during the progression of LVH.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that LV AM levels gradually increased in a time-dependent manner similar to the LV/BW ratio in the development of hypertrophy. The immunohistochemistry revealed that hypertrophied myocytes may be a major source of AM production at LVH. We also demonstrated that administration of ACEI decreased the LV AM levels and the degree of LVH similarly. These results suggest that ventricular AM may act locally and play a possible pathophysiological role in the development of LVH in chronic pressure overload. In addition, we demonstrated that exogenous AM administration attenuates LVH, which suggests that increased plasma AM may lead to the regression of LVH. The use of a specific AM antagonist in an animal model of LVH is necessary to determine the exact role of AM in the development of hypertrophy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology (Encouragement System of COE) from the Science and Technology Agency of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Human Science Foundation of Japan. We wish to thank Yoko Saito for her technical assistance.
Received September 15, 1998; first decision October 7, 1998; accepted December 18, 1998.
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T. Nishikimi, K. Tadokoro, Y. Mori, X. Wang, K. Akimoto, F. Yoshihara, N. Minamino, K. Kangawa, and H. Matsuoka Ventricular Adrenomedullin System in the Transition From LVH to Heart Failure in Rats Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 512 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Mori, T. Nishikimi, N. Kobayashi, H. Ono, K. Kangawa, and H. Matsuoka Long-Term Adrenomedullin Infusion Improves Survival in Malignant Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 107 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nishikimi, Y. Mori, N. Kobayashi, K. Tadokoro, X. Wang, K. Akimoto, F. Yoshihara, K. Kangawa, and H. Matsuoka Renoprotective Effect of Chronic Adrenomedullin Infusion in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Hypertension, June 1, 2002; 39(6): 1077 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Foldes, M. Suo, I. Szokodi, Z. Lako-Futo, R. deChatel, O. Vuolteenaho, P. Huttunen, H. Ruskoaho, and M. Toth Factors Derived from Adrenals Are Required for Activation of Cardiac Gene Expression in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Endocrinology, October 1, 2001; 142(10): 4256 - 4263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Romppanen, J. Puhakka, G. Foldes, I. Szokodi, O. Vuolteenaho, H. Tokola, M. Toth, and H. Ruskoaho Endothelin-1-Independent and Angiotensin II-Independent Induction of Adrenomedullin Gene Expression Hypertension, January 1, 2001; 37(1): 84 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Dobrzynski, C. Wang, J. Chao, and L. Chao Adrenomedullin Gene Delivery Attenuates Hypertension, Cardiac Remodeling, and Renal Injury in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, December 1, 2000; 36(6): 995 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W. Troughton, L. K. Lewis, T. G. Yandle, A. M. Richards, and M. G. Nicholls Hemodynamic, Hormone, and Urinary Effects of Adrenomedullin Infusion in Essential Hypertension Hypertension, October 1, 2000; 36(4): 588 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Piquard, A. Charloux, B. Mettauer, E. Epailly, E. Lonsdorfer, S. Popescu, J. Lonsdorfer, and B. Geny Exercise-Induced Increase in Circulating Adrenomedullin Is Related to Mean Blood Pressure in Heart Transplant Recipients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2828 - 2831. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Tsuruda, J. Kato, K. Kitamura, T. Imamura, Y. Koiwaya, K. Kangawa, I. Komuro, Y. Yazaki, and T. Eto Enhanced Adrenomedullin Production by Mechanical Stretching in Cultured Rat Cardiomyocytes Hypertension, June 1, 2000; 35(6): 1210 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nagaya, T. Nishikimi, F. Yoshihara, T. Horio, A. Morimoto, and K. Kangawa Cardiac adrenomedullin gene expression and peptide accumulation after acute myocardial infarction in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): R1019 - R1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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