(Hypertension. 1999;34:113-117.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Preactivated Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Patients With Essential Hypertension
From the Outpatient Clinics of Internal Medicine (Y.D., C.L., J.S.), and the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology (B.S., S. Scholze, G.R.B.), Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, and First Medical Department, Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, (S. Schreiber) Germany.
Correspondence to Yvonne Dörffel, MD, Humboldt University, Charité, Medical Faculty, Outpatient Clinics of Internal Medicine, Luisenstrasse 11-13, 10098 Berlin, Germany. E-mail yvonne.doerffel{at}charite.de
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Abstract |
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Abstract—The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of human peripheral blood monocytes in the pathology of hypertensive disease. We determined the in vitro secretion patterns of proinflammatory cytokines obtained from isolated peripheral monocytes from normal controls and from hypertensive patients either after in vitro stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II) with or without preincubation with an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist (losartan) or after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Blood samples were obtained from 22 patients with essential hypertension (before any drug administration or after interruption of antihypertensive therapy) and from 24 normotensive healthy individuals used as a control group. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and plastic adherence. The state of monocyte activity was determined by the capacity to secrete tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and
interleukin-6, (IL-6) either spontaneously or after stimulation.
Cytokine concentrations were determined in culture supernatants
by specific ELISA. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were
assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcribed polymerase chain
reaction. After stimulation with Ang II, the IL-1ß secretion of
peripheral blood monocytes was significantly increased in
hypertensive patients versus healthy individuals
(P<0.05). In contrast, in monocytes preincubated with
losartan before exposure to Ang II, IL-1ß secretion was
diminished in both groups to comparable levels. The secretion of
IL-1ß and TNF- was significantly increased in
peripheral blood monocytes from hypertensive patients
versus healthy individuals after stimulation with
lipopolysaccharide (TNF-, P<0.02; IL-1ß,
P<0.05). Upregulation of IL-1ß and TNF- secretion
in peripheral blood monocytes from hypertensive patients
was also seen at the RNA level. Our results indicate
preactivated peripheral blood monocytes in
hypertensive patients. Ang II may be directly involved in the process
of monocyte activation.
Key Words: monocytes, human • hypertension, essential • tumor necrosis factor • interleukins • polymerase chain reaction • angiotensin II
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Introduction |
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Immunopathogenic mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease. Alterations in both humoral and cellular immunity have been described.1 The possible role of leukocytes in the pathology of hypertension has been a matter of great interest.2 The available information on monocytes is scarce compared with available information on neutrophils as a result of the difficulty of isolating monocytes from peripheral blood.
Bataillard et al3 demonstrated that the in vivo
administration of silica, a selective toxin to monocytes, reduced the
degree of hypertension in Lyon hypertensive rats and inhibited the
formation of hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Recent
reports indicate that in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the
number of activated monocytes is significantly
elevated.4 McCarron et al5 showed a
significant increase of monocyte adhesion to
endothelial cells from SHR after stimulation with
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or proinflammatory cytokines
(interferon-
, interleukin-1ß [IL-1ß], and tumor necrosis
factor- [TNF-]) versus normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.
Whereas McCarron proposed that the secretion of
endothelial cell factors was most likely to have caused
the monocyte activation, we investigated whether the
peripheral blood monocytes from patients with essential
hypertension are already preactivated by
angiotensin II (Ang II). IL-1ß, TNF-, and
interleukin-6 (IL-6) are proinflammatory cytokines produced
principally by activated monocytes or macrophages. The
increased secretion of these cytokines is considered to be an
activation marker of circulating monocytes.6 We
analyzed the activation status of circulating monocytes from
patients suffering from essential hypertension versus normal controls
after stimulation with Ang II in
physiologically relevant concentration or with
LPS, which typically stimulates monocytes.7
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Methods |
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Chemicals
Endotoxin-free fetal calf sera (endotoxin<0.002 ng/mL) were purchased from Biochrom KG/Seromed. Losartan was obtained from Merck&Co, Inc. Cytokine assays were obtained from R&D Systems (IL-1ß, IL-6) or from Medgenix Diagnostics (TNF-
). If not otherwise specified, all other chemicals were
purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
Patients
Men (n=13) and women (n=9) outpatients, aged 31 to 75 years
(mean age 46 years), with mild to moderate essential hypertension
(measured before any drug administration or after they had discontinued
all antihypertensive medications for 
10 days) participated in the
study. Mean body weight was 78±13 kg and height was 1.72±0.03 m. All
patients underwent routine 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP)
measurement for clinical evaluation. Only patients with a sitting
diastolic BP between 95 and 114 mm Hg were included.
Exclusion criteria included all other diseases and abnormal laboratory
tests results (levels of serum potassium, creatinine, liver
enzymes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, white and
red blood cells, thrombocytes). Patients were also excluded from the
trial if they had severe or secondary hypertension. Informed consent
was obtained from all patients. The study was granted prior approval by
the local ethics review committee. Thus, the procedures followed were
in accordance with the institutional guidelines of Humboldt
University.
Twenty-four control subjects (body weight 75±15 kg, height 1.73±0.02 m) were matched to subjects according to age (mean age, 44 years) and gender (10 women, 14 men).
Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Isolation
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated as
described previously.8 Peripheral blood
diluted with PSS containing 100 U heparin per milliliter was layered
over Ficoll-Histopaque (Pharmacia AB, specific gravity: 1.077) and
centrifuged for 40 minutes at 400g. Cells harvested
from the interface were washed in HBSS (without
Ca2+ or Mg2+) and
resuspended in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Cells were
layered on Petri dishes and incubated for 1 hour (37°C). Nonadherent
cells were discarded from the petri dishes by thorough rinsing with
prewarmed RPMI 1640 (37°C). More than 99% of the adherent cells were
collected by rinsing with cold (4°C) HBSS and by gentle mechanical
scraping. The adherent cells were washed in HBSS and resuspended in
RPMI 1640 (with 10% FCS, penicillin 100 U/mL, and streptomycin 100
mg/mL) for cell culture. Viability was >98%, as determined by trypan
blue exclusion after isolation of the peripheral blood
monocytes. Cell viability was also determined by the propidium iodide
staining method.9 The proportion of propidium
iodide–positive cells was consistently <5%.
Identification of Peripheral Blood Monocytes:
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter
Monocytes were identified using
immunofluorescence staining for cell surface
antigens. Monoclonal mouse antibodies specific for human T cells (CD3;
Clone UCHT1, code F0818), human B cells (CD19; Clone HD37, code F0768),
and human monocytes (CD14; Clone TÜK4, code R0864) were obtained
from DAKO A/S. An appropriate control using antibodies with an
irrelevant specificity was run to determine nonspecific staining. The
cells stained with antibodies were analyzed with a
fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACScalibur, Becton
Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems). The relative frequency of cells
expressing the various cell surface antigens was calculated after
computer subtraction of the control from the experimental
fluorescence profiles. The cell suspension contained 93%
monocytes.
Stimulation of Peripheral Blood Monocytes and
Monocyte Culture
The optimal conditions and concentration for stimulation with
Ang II and LPS were determined by time and concentration kinetics. The
cytokine levels increased during stimulation with Ang II or LPS
over a 24-hour period.
Peripheral blood monocytes were cultured at a concentration of 106 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 (supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% pyruvate, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and 50 µg/mL gentamicin). Cells were cultured in 24-well plates (Nunc, Roskilde) for 24 hours with or without a physiologically relevant concentration of Ang II (10-10 mol/L)10 or LPS (10 ng/mL). In additional experiments, monocytes were preincubated with losartan (10-8 mol/L) for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, supernatants were separated from cells by centrifugation, snap-frozen, and stored at -70°C until cytokine levels were determined, usually within 2 weeks after culture.
Cytokine Assays
Supernatant concentrations of IL-1ß and IL-6 were assessed
using a specific sandwich ELISA by R&D Systems. TNF- was determined
with a specific ELISA manufactured by Medgenix. All samples were
analyzed in triplicate. The amount of cross-reactivity was
assessed by comparison with the concentration yielding a 50%
inhibition of binding. Sensitivity levels were between 0.3 (IL-1ß)
and 3.0 pg/mL (TNF-); intra-assay and inter-assay precision
variability was <3% (controls, data not shown).11 ELISA
antibodies against TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1ß, respectively, were used
to absorb the cytokines from cell culture supernatants.
Total RNA Extraction
Total RNA was isolated using a commercial kit (RNAeasy, Qiagen
GmbH,) with minor modifications after 6 hours as described by
Chomzynski et al.12 Subsequently, RNA was extracted from
the aqueous phase and mixed with ethanol using Qiagen columns. Total
amount and purity of RNA were determined by spectrophotometry and gel
electrophoresis procedure (1% agarose).
Reverse Transcription
Single-stranded cDNA was transcribed from 3 µg of total RNA
with 500 ng oligo(dT)12–18 primer (Gibco-BRL,
Life Technologies GmbH) in a volume of 20 µL containing 50
mmol/L Tris-HCl, 75 mmol/L KCl, 3 mmol/L
MgCl2, 10 mmol/L DTT, and 1 mmol/L of
each dNTP, as well as 200 U Superscript II reverse-transcriptase
(Gibco-BRL). The reaction mixture was incubated at 42°C for 1 hour to
generate cDNA.
Semiquantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
Two µL of the cDNA sample (corresponding to 
300 ng of total
RNA) was added to a mixture of 10 µL polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
buffer (200 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 8.4], 500 mmol/L KCl), 3
µL MgCl2 (50 mmol/L), 2 µL dNTP (10
mmol/L), 1 µL each of 5' and 3' primer (25 µmol/L), 5 U
Taq DNA polymerase, and 80 µL autoclaved, distilled water.
The following primer pairs (Perkin Elmer) were used: IL-1ß (802 bp),
5' primer ATG GCA GAA GTA CCT AAG CTC GC, 3' primer ACA CAA ATT GCA TGG
TGA AGT CAG TT; TNF- (945 bp), 5' primer GGC CCA GGC AGT CAG AT, 3'
primer CAC AAG TGC AAA CAT AAA TAG AGG; and GAPDH (422 bp), 5' primer
GGT CAT CCA TGA CAA CTT TG, 3' primer CTG GTT GAG GGC AAT GCC.
PCR conditions were as follows: 94°C for 45 seconds, 62°C for 1 minute, and 72°C for 1 minute. Finally, extension was performed for 10 minutes at 72°C. During the amplification period aliquots of the reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were taken from each tube at cycles 25, 28, 30, 35, and 40 to determine the linear increase of amplification. Calculation of peak areas was based accordingly on cycle 30. Five µL of the amplification products of the same cycle mixed with loading buffer (containing 0.25% bromphenol blue, 0.25% xylene cyanol FF, and 30% glycerol in water) was loaded with 4 µL of Low DNA Mass ladder (Gibco-BRL) on a 1% agarose gel (agarose SERVA standard EEO research grade, Feinbiochemika) with 0.1 µg/mL ethidium bromide. The amplification products were visualized by UV exposure. Band intensities were documented and calculated by a digital gel imaging system including the Imager Soft 1D&2D analyses package by Appligene. The peak areas of resulting bands were adjusted to GAPDH products and determined according to the band intensities of the Low DNA Mass ladder. No significant difference in the GAPDH expression was found between patients and control group.
Data Analysis
Results are expressed as means±SEM. ELISA cytokine
determinations were set up in triplicate. The statistical significance
of the differences was tested using the Mann-Whitney U or Student
t test for data following a normal distribution. A
P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Normal
distribution was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit
test. Calculation of correlation was determined by Spearman
correlation.
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Results |
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Spontaneous secretion of IL-1ß (patients, 78±21 pg/mL; controls, 49±9 pg/mL), TNF-
(patients, 113±16 pg/mL; controls,
104±12 pg/mL), and IL-6 (patients, 68±8 pg/mL; controls, 63±11
pg/mL) into culture supernatants by peripheral blood
monocytes did not differ significantly between hypertensive patients
and normotensive controls.
Cytokine Assays-Response to Ang II Stimulation
IL-1ß secretion of peripheral blood monocytes
stimulated by Ang II was significantly higher in patients with
essential hypertension versus healthy individuals (patients, 1747±658
pg/mL; controls, 469±115 pg/mL, P<0.05; Figure 1). In monocytes preincubated with
losartan before Ang II treatment, the IL-1ß secretion was
diminished in both groups to comparable levels that did not differ
statistically (patients, 389±255 pg/mL; controls, 112±82 pg/mL;
Figure 1). The secretion of TNF- and IL-6 did not differ
between groups.
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) or not (
) with losartan
(10-8 mol/L) for 30 minutes. NS indicates nonsignificant
vs control preincubated with losartan.
Cytokine Assays-Response to LPS Stimulation
The activation of peripheral blood monocytes was
monitored by measuring the LPS-induced release of IL-1ß, IL-6, and
TNF- into culture supernatants (Figure 2). The secretion of IL-1ß
(patients, 2337±337 pg/mL; controls, 1458±165 pg/mL;
P<0.05) and TNF- (patients, 4371±727 pg/mL; controls,
2380±318 pg/mL; P<0.02) was significantly increased in
peripheral blood monocytes derived from patients with
essential hypertension after stimulation with LPS versus normal
controls. In contrast, the secretion of IL-6 did not differ between
groups (patients, 4587±668 pg/mL; controls, 4969±437 pg/mL).
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Semiquantitative RT-PCR Results
To study whether the increase of IL-1ß and TNF-
production in peripheral blood monocytes of
hypertensive patients was due to a transcriptional upregulation, we
performed a semiquantitative RT-PCR. A significant elevation of
LPS-induced secretion from proinflammatory cytokines in
patients versus controls could be seen with both IL-1ß and TNF-
amplification products of total RNA (P<0.05). This
paralleled the findings seen on the protein level. The Table
shows results of density-scan
measurements of the RT-PCR products for patients and control group.
After stimulation with Ang II, a difference between patients and
controls could be seen only with the IL-1ß amplification products
of total RNA (data not illustrated).
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Correlation Analysis
To evaluate whether hypertension influences the determined values
or whether cytokine levels depend more on age and/or gender, we
correlated BP, age, and gender of the study population with the
cytokine levels. Correlation was investigated for IL-1ß,
IL-6, and TNF- after stimulation with LPS. There was no
statistically relevant relation between gender and values of IL-1ß
but a slight correlation with age (r=0.46;
P<0.002) and systolic BP (r=0.48;
P<0.001) (Figure 3). Similar
results were obtained for TNF- (age, r=0.35;
P<0.05; systolic BP, r=0.47,
P<0.002). We found no correlation for IL-6.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Hypertension is commonly associated with the development of atherosclerosis. It has been shown that, in hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and subendothelial accumulation of monocytes occurs.13 It is generally hypothesized that hypertension may enhance the responsiveness of the endothelium to factors that promote monocyte adhesion. The endothelial cells may be involved in the activation of peripheral blood monocytes.14 Some of these findings, however, may be mediated by the increased production of TNF-
and IL-1ß in
peripheral blood monocytes derived from patients with
essential hypertension. TNF-, IL-1ß, and IL-6 produced by
activated monocytes or macrophages are mediators of
inflammatory reactions. Most of the studies concentrate on tissue
macrophages, which transform into foam cells. These studies
emphasize the importance of inflammatory mechanisms in
atherosclerosis. We demonstrate here that
circulating monocytes also show an elevated activation status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about preactivated circulating human monocytes in essential hypertension. Similar results were obtained in hypertensive rats by several groups.4 15 The question might arise as to whether preactivation of the monocytes is related to the isolation method. We are not aware of any method of monocyte isolation without at least a low possibility of activation, especially when small amounts of blood are processed.16 However, possible monocyte activation during the isolation process appears to be of minor importance; we compared monocytes of hypertensive patients with those of normal controls whose monocytes were isolated in the same manner and detected significant differences between groups. Until now, we could not exclude the possibility that in circulation only subgroups of monocytes may appear.
This investigation showed elevated TNF- and IL-1ß levels secreted
from peripheral blood monocytes derived from hypertensive
patients versus control subjects after stimulation with LPS. We used
endotoxin LPS to investigate the mechanism of monocyte activation.
Monocyte stimulation by LPS is a long-established method of testing the
maximum degree of activation of these cells.6 LPS
stimulation of monocytes induces TNF- production, which
subsequently triggers synthesis of IL-1ß and IL-6.17
Increased IL-1ß and TNF- secretions are associated with
significantly increased RNA expressions observed in hypertensive
patients.
These cytokines cause alterations of
endothelial cells in vivo and increase neutrophil
adherence to the endothelium by enhancing the
expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1.18 Komatsu
and colleagues19 showed that the differences induced in
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression between SHR and
Wistar-Kyoto rats did not appear to be due to differences in
endothelial surface areas. They suspected an abnormal
inflammatory response associated with the hypertensive disease. The
possibility exists that elevated levels of circulating cell adhesion
molecules in essential hypertension are due to activated
monocytes. It was demonstrated that TNF- exerts a direct toxic
effect on cultured vascular endothelial
cells20 and induces the apoptosis of
endothelial cells.21 In this regard, the
observations of Bevilacqua et al22 are of note. They found
that TNF and IL-1 induce procoagulant activity in cultured human
vascular endothelium. Therefore, IL-1ß and TNF-
may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.
Wick et al23 suggest that an autoimmune reaction against
heat-shock protein 60, expressed by endothelial cells
after pretreatment with certain cytokines (TNF-, IL-1ß),
is the initiating event in atherogenesis. Furthermore, the upregulation
of the transforming growth factor-ß system in monocytes of
hypertensive patients supports the view of monocyte involvement in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions associated with
hypertension.24 None of our patients showed elevated IL-6
values after stimulation with LPS of the peripheral blood
monocytes, which parallels normal laboratory parameters
such as C-reactive protein and leukocyte counts.
It is not clear from this study whether preactivated monocytes in hypertensive patients are an epiphenomenon or a causal factor triggering hypertension and/or atherosclerosis. In further studies, the monocyte–endothelial cell interaction of these patients will have to be investigated. In theory, the elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels may also be caused by arteriosclerotic lesions; we observed a slight relationship between age and IL-1ß values, which correspond to an increasing risk of atherogenesis with age. In our study, we excluded patients with arteriosclerotic lesions of the carotid artery and abdominal aorta.
The relationship between IL-1ß levels and BP supports the possibility that high BP itself preactivates the peripheral blood monocytes. Because monocytes in circulation are in a low-pressure region most of the time, it is unlikely that high BP itself preactivates the peripheral blood monocytes.
To investigate the relevance of monocyte activation in clinical practice, we studied monocyte activity after stimulation with Ang II at physiologically relevant concentrations.10 It is well documented that Ang II reduces blood flow, modulates vascular remodeling, leads to incremental protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells, and increases the synthesis of collagen type I and III in fibroblasts, which leads to thickening of the vascular wall.25 We were able to demonstrate that monocytes of hypertensive patients are preactivated not only after LPS stimulation but also after Ang II stimulation, which results in increased secretion of IL-1ß in hypertensive patients. Such changes in hypertensive patients versus healthy controls were also seen at the RNA level.
In the present study, Ang II triggered IL-1ß production
without triggering production of TNF-. This finding suggests
that the Ang II signal-transduction mechanism in monocytes may be
different from the mechanism of endotoxin. While nuclear factor-
B
transcription factor plays a major role in LPS-mediated
production of TNF- by monocytes,26 alternative
elements seem to regulate IL-1ß gene induction after Ang II
stimulation.
Ongoing discussions are taking place in many articles regarding the inflammatory genesis of atherosclerosis and the role of proinflammatory cytokines.27 In our opinion, Ang II–preactivated circulating monocytes in hypertensive patients may lead to subendothelial infiltration and subsequently enhance the risk of arteriosclerotic complications. Prevention of Ang II–mediated monocyte activation by losartan (Figure 1) may be a novel therapeutic approach to prevention of vascular alterations in hypertension. Aldermann et al28 demonstrated an association between the risk of myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients and a high renin profile. Thus, further research is necessary to address the question, among others, of whether elevated Ang II levels preactivate circulating monocytes.
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Acknowledgments |
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This investigation was supported by a grant from Merck Sharp&Dohme (Haar, Germany) and Hoechst Marion Roussel (Bad Soden/Taunus, Germany).
Received January 4, 1999; first decision January 22, 1999; accepted March 2, 1999.
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