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(Hypertension. 1999;34:1247.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Effects of Superoxide on Signaling Pathways in Smooth Muscle Cells From Rats
From the Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Autonome, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Correspondence to Dr Jacques de Champlain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. E-mail dechampj{at}physio.umontreal.ca
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Abstract |
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Abstract—The effects of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase–induced superoxide anion were evaluated on various signal transduction pathways in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Superoxide increased inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) formation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both strains but more markedly in SMCs from SHR. Various antioxidants significantly decreased the superoxide-induced IP3 formation in both strains. In addition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin A25, inhibited the superoxide-induced IP3 formation more markedly in SHR than in WKY. Moreover, superoxide decreased the basal level of cGMP to a greater extent in SHR and also suppressed the rise in cGMP induced by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine. In addition, the superoxide-induced increase in IP3 formation was significantly inhibited by guanylyl cyclase stimulator S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine but was potentiated by ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) and KT5823 (a cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor), with a greater effect in SHR. Finally, the superoxide-enhanced IP3 formation was not accompanied by simultaneous changes in cAMP levels, and inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase pathway did not modify the superoxide-induced IP3 formation. Our results thus demonstrate a stimulatory effect of superoxide on IP3 formation, mediated by the tyrosine kinase–coupled phospholipase C
activity, and
an inhibitory effect of superoxide on cGMP formation in
vascular SMCs. The increased reactivity of the phospholipase C pathway
and the decreased cross inhibition of the IP3 pathway by
cGMP in the presence of superoxide may underlie the altered functions
of vascular SMCs in SHR.
Key Words: rats, spontaneously hypertensive • oxidative stress • anions • signal transduction
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The signal transduction pathway linked to inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular functions under physiological and pathological conditions. The specific ligand-receptor interaction at the plasma membrane surface activates phospholipase C (PLC), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2) to form IP3 and diacylglycerol. Three PLC isoforms (ß,
, and 
) have been identified in mammalian tissues: PLC
is found in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs),1
PLC and PLCß are found in human aortic
tissue,2 and PLC is found in rat aorta.3
PLCß is activated by the
receptor-coupled Gq, G11 proteins,4 whereas PLC is
activated when its tyrosine residues are
phosphorylated by tyrosine kinase.4 It is
clear that the activation of either PLCß or
PLC leads to the generation of
IP3, although the relation between the activation
of PLC and the IP3
production is still unclear. A study by Nishizuka5 and our previous study6 have shown that certain oxidants, or oxidant-derived products, could result in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PIP). It was found in our study that the norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and formation of inositol phosphates (IPs) in rat aortic SMCs were partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not by catalase6 ; therefore, the norepinephrine-induced increase in IP formation might be partially related to the auto-oxidation of catecholamine, leading to the generation of superoxide. In addition, our recent studies have demonstrated that the superoxide-enhanced formation of IPs in vascular SMCs of mesenteric arteries from Sprague-Dawley rats is mediated by an enhanced activity of the tyrosine kinase pathway.7 However, whether activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway is a common mechanism for the cellular effect of superoxide and whether its effect on the IP3 formation is altered in hypertension are presently unsettled.
Previous studies have suggested that the production of IP3 can be modulated by cGMP or cAMP pathways. It has been reported that the IP3 response of arterial endothelial cells to thrombin can be inhibited by cGMP or by the guanylyl cyclase stimulator sodium nitroprusside.8 We have also reported that the phenylephrine-induced IP formation in rat aortic SMCs is inhibited by cAMP or by the adenylyl cyclase stimulator forskolin (FSK).9 Interestingly, recent studies have provided some evidence that H2O2 either stimulated or had no effect on soluble guanylyl cyclase in different cell preparations, whereas superoxide either inhibited or had no effect on soluble guanylyl cyclase.10 11 These studies raised many intriguing and important issues concerning the cross interactions between the PLC pathway and other signaling pathways. Whether superoxide alters cGMP and/or cAMP metabolism in vascular SMCs and whether the effect of superoxide on IP3 formation is modulated by simultaneous changes in cGMP or cAMP levels needed to be addressed.
An overproduction of superoxide was observed in aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).12 In addition, the xanthine–xanthine oxidase (XO) reaction–induced contraction of endothelium-free aortic rings was reported to be twice greater in SHR than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY).13 All those studies suggest that the production of superoxide and the reactivity of SMCs to superoxide are increased in hypertension. Therefore, a better knowledge of the effects of superoxide on different signaling pathways may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the abnormal functions of vascular SMCs in hypertension. The purpose of the present study was to determine the modulatory role of superoxide on the activities of different signaling pathways in vascular SMCs and to investigate whether the reactivities of different signaling pathways to superoxide are altered in hypertension. The cellular levels of IP3 were measured in the absence or presence of superoxide in SMCs from SHR and WKY, and various putative mechanisms underlying the effect of superoxide on IP3 formation were explored in both strains. More specifically, the superoxide-induced IP3 formation was determined after blockade of the tyrosine kinase–mediated signaling pathway by directly inhibiting tyrosine kinase. The effects of superoxide on the basal level of cGMP or cAMP were also studied and compared with the effects of specific modulators of cGMP or cAMP metabolism. Moreover, the superoxide-induced IP3 formation was determined after the blockade of cAMP or cGMP pathways in order to evaluate the cross-talk interactions between the superoxide-induced IP3 formation and other signal transduction pathways in both strains.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Cell Culture
Single aortic SMCs were isolated and identified as described previously.9 Cells between passages 2 and 10 were used. There was no significant difference in the superoxide-induced increase in IP3 formation among cultured SMCs from passages 2 to 10.
Measurement of IP3 Formation
SMCs were incubated for 24 hours in the serum-free and
inositol-free DMEM, to which 5 µCi/mL
myo-[2-3H]inositol (Du Pont Canada Inc) was
added.6 9 The cells were subjected to hypoxanthine (HX)-XO
in different experiments for various periods, and the reaction was
terminated by adding 0.9 mL methanol:chloroform:HCl (40:20:1). The
tritiated IP pool of the aqueous phase composed of inositol 4-phosphate
(IP1), inositol 4,5-biphosphate
(IP2), and IP3 was eluted
consecutively by ion-exchange chromatography (AG1-X8
resin, Bio-Rad Laboratories). The lipid phase was counted to measure
the PIP lipid pool. IP3 was expressed as a
relative value of
[(IP3/PIP)x103]
(arbitrary units) to correct for the variation in the labeling of the
lipid pool.
Quantitative Determination of cAMP and cGMP Levels
The level of cAMP in cultured SMCs was determined by a
protein-binding assay (cAMP [3H] assay system,
Amersham Corp). The quantitative determination of cGMP was performed
with a cGMP [125I] assay system in the presence
of 100 µmol/L 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (cGMP
[125I] assay system, Amersham Corp).
Chemicals and Data Analysis
HX, XO, SOD, and FSK were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
Genistein, tyrphostin A25, N-acetylcysteine (NAC),
-lipoic acid (LA), KT5720, KT5823,
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and SQ
22536 were from Calbiochem.
1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) was
from Tocris Cookson Inc. Unless otherwise specified, the HX-XO
treatment indicated that 150 µmol/L HX and 15 mU/mL XO were
applied to the cells. Data are expressed as mean±SEM and
analyzed by the Student t test or ANOVA in
conjunction with the Newman-Keuls test where applicable. Differences
between groups were considered statistically significant at
P<0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Effect of Superoxide on IP3 Formation
Superoxide generated from the HX-XO reaction significantly increased IP3 formation in a concentration-dependent manner in SMCs from both strains. The increases in IP3 formation were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY at all concentrations tested (Figure 1A), suggesting an enhanced sensitivity of the IP3 pathway to superoxide in SMCs from SHR. The effect of superoxide on IP3 formation was also time dependent and reached a plateau at 60 minutes in SMCs from both strains (Figure 1B). After the cells were preincubated with an antioxidant NAC (0.3 to 10 mmol/L) for 20 minutes, the HX-XO–induced IP3 formation was significantly inhibited in both strains (Figure 2A). In addition, the antioxidants SOD and LA had a greater inhibitory effect on the superoxide-induced IP3 formation in SMCs from SHR than those from WKY. As shown in Figure 2B, the increased IP3 formation induced by HX-XO was significantly inhibited by 22±3% in WKY and 45±4.5% in SHR (P<0.05) after 20-minute pretreatment of cells with SOD (120 U/mL), whereas IP3 formation was inhibited by 36±4.5% in WKY and 61±4.0% in SHR after 20-minute pretreatment with LA (P<0.05). Whether H2O2 could affect IP3 formation was further examined. It was found that H2O2 at 10 µmol/L, which is within the physiological concentration range,14 had no effect on IP3 formation in both strains (P>0.05, n=4 for each group). A similar result was also observed in mesenteric artery SMCs from Sprague-Dawley rats; only at a high concentration (1 mmol/L) did H2O2 slightly increase (30%) IP3 formation (P<0.05, n=4). This increase was completely inhibited by catalase (data not shown).
|
). B, HX-XO–induced IP3 formation in a
time-dependent manner and was greater in SHR (•) than in WKY (
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Effect of Superoxide on Tyrosine Kinase Pathway
To explore the possibility that the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation may be secondary to the activation
of the tyrosine kinase pathway, the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation in SMCs was examined in the
presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Figure 3 shows that the HX-XO–induced
IP3 formation was significantly inhibited by
genistein or tyrphostin A25 (20-minute incubation) in a
concentration-dependent manner (5 to 50 µmol/L). The
inhibitory effects of both tyrosine kinase
inhibitors were more potent in SMCs from SHR than in SMCs
from WKY. These data suggest that the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation is at least in part mediated by an
increase in the activity of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.
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Effect of Superoxide on cGMP Pathway
The basal levels of cGMP were significantly higher in SMCs from
SHR than SMCs from WKY (P<0.05, n=5 for each group). The
cGMP levels were significantly increased 30 minutes after incubation of
SMCs with SNAP (100 µmol/L), a stimulator of soluble guanylyl
cyclase (Figure 4A). This effect of SNAP
was greater in SHR than in WKY (P<0.05). One-hour treatment
of cells with HX-XO significantly decreased basal cGMP levels by
58±2.5% in WKY (P<0.05, n=5) and 73±2.7% in SHR
(P<0.05, n=5), indicating a greater sensitivity of the cGMP
pathway to superoxide in SHR. In addition, the SNAP-induced increase in
cGMP level was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of the cells
with HX-XO in both strains (P<0.05, n=5 for each
group).
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Effect of Superoxide on the Cross Inhibition of IP3
Formation by cGMP
Because superoxide simultaneously increased
IP3 formation and decreased cGMP formation, it
was speculated that the superoxide-increased IP3
formation in vascular SMCs might also be under the influence of the
activity of cGMP pathway. Therefore, the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation was evaluated after stimulating or
inhibiting the soluble guanylyl cyclase. Figure 4B shows that
the HX-XO–induced IP3 formation was
significantly inhibited by 15±2% in WKY (P<0.05, n=4) and
27±3% in SHR (P<0.05, n=4) after pretreatment of cells
with SNAP (100 µmol/L) for 20 minutes. In contrast, the
superoxide-induced increase in IP3 formation was
significantly potentiated by 20±2.1% in WKY (P<0.05, n=4)
and 75±9.4% in SHR (P<0.05, n=4) by the soluble guanylyl
cyclase inhibitor ODQ (20-minute pretreatment at 100
µmol/L). Both the inhibitory effect of SNAP and the
stimulatory effect of ODQ on the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation were significantly greater in the
cells from SHR than cells from WKY (P<0.05). In addition,
SNAP (100 µmol/L) decreased the basal IP3
formation by 16±4% in WKY (P<0.05, n=4) and by 20±3.5%
in SHR (P<0.05, n=4), but ODQ (100 µmol/L) had no
significant effect on basal levels of IP3 in
either strain (P>0.05, n=4 for each group (data not
shown)). We further examined the interaction of the superoxide-induced
IP3 formation with the cGMP-dependent protein
kinases (PKGs). It was observed that the superoxide-induced increase in
IP3 formation was significantly potentiated by
the PKG inhibitor KT5823 (Figure 4C). The effect of
KT5823 was also dose dependent (0.1 to 30 µmol/L) and more
potent in SMCs from SHR than in SMCs from WKY.
Effect of Superoxide on cAMP Pathway
Similar basal levels of cAMP were observed in SMCs from SHR and
WKY. FSK treatment (1 hour at 10 µmol/L) also induced similar
increases in cAMP formation in both strains (n=8 for each group)
(Figure 5A). Unlike the cGMP response to
superoxide, HX-XO had no effect on the basal levels of cAMP. The
FSK-enhanced cAMP levels were also unaffected by the HX-XO treatment.
Moreover, the HX-XO–induced increase in IP3
formation was not altered either by 20-minute pretreatment of cells
with the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536 (500
µmol/L) or with the selective cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)
inhibitor KT5720 (10 µmol/L) in both SHR and WKY
(Figure 5B). In addition, both SQ 22536 and KT5720 had no effect
on the basal levels of IP3 in SMCs from both
strains (data not shown). In agreement with our previous
findings,9 FSK (10 µmol/L) induced an inhibition of
the basal IP3 levels (data not shown) or the
HX-XO–stimulated IP3 formation in SMCs from both
strains (P>0.05, n=4 for each group; Figure 5B).
Overall, these data suggest that the superoxide-induced increase in
IP3 formation is not associated with
simultaneous changes in the activity of cAMP signaling
pathway.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Growing evidence suggests the importance of superoxide anion in the regulation of cardiovascular functions. In hypertension, an abnormal production of superoxide in vascular SMCs and an altered responsiveness of SMCs to superoxide have been postulated.15 An overproduction of superoxide was shown in aortas of SHR,12 and the intravenous administration of SOD was found to reduce arterial blood pressure in SHR. However, the cellular responsiveness to superoxide has not yet been explored in SHR regarding the effects of superoxide on different signal transduction pathways, including IP3, cGMP, and cAMP pathways, in vascular SMCs.
In 1989, Auch-Schwelk et al13 reported that the
contraction of endothelium-free aortic rings induced by
xanthine plus XO reaction, which is presumably due to superoxide
production, was twice greater in SHR than in WKY. Our previous
studies also demonstrated that both the vasoconstriction and IP
formation induced by norepinephrine were greater in aortic
SMCs from SHR than aortic SMCs from WKY6 and that those
enhanced responses were partially inhibited by SOD, but not by
catalase.6 In addition, we observed the stimulatory effect
of superoxide on IP formation in aortic SMCs,6 which
confirmed the earlier observation that some oxidants or oxidant-derived
products contribute to the hydrolysis of phospholipids such as
PIP.5 The present study has increased our
understanding of the signaling role of superoxide under
physiological conditions and in hypertension in the
following aspects: Our study suggests that tyrosine kinases are the
most likely targets of superoxide in aortic SMCs, whereas the
activation of PLCß by superoxide is less
likely. This conclusion is based on the fact that the application of
tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein or tyrphostin A25)
significantly reduced or even completely abolished the
superoxide-induced IP3 formation in aortic SMCs
in both strains, with a more potent inhibition observed in SHR (Figure 3). The specificity of the inhibitory effects of
genistein or tyrphostin A25 on tyrosine kinases has been demonstrated
with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation of rat
vascular SMCs. PDGF is well known for its stimulatory effect on
tyrosine kinases in vascular SMCs,16 and we have found
that the PDGF-induced increase in IP3 formation
in rat vascular SMCs is significantly inhibited by tyrphostin A25 or
genistein.7 Therefore, the regulation of the tyrosine
kinase-PLC-IP3 axis by superoxide may represent a novel
signal transduction mechanism. Through this mechanism, superoxide can
activate the tyrosine kinase–PLC pathway in a membrane
receptor–independent fashion.
The interaction between the IP3 signaling pathway and the cGMP pathway has been reported previously.8 It has also been shown that elevated cGMP levels, through the activation of PKG, can inhibit PLC and lower the basal levels of IP3 or attenuate the agonist-stimulated IP3 formation.17 It is consequently hypothesized that the superoxide-induced IP3 formation is in part modulated by the activity of the cGMP signaling pathway. The present findings showed that superoxide inhibited cGMP formation and that this effect was greater in aortic SMCs from SHR than aortic SMCs from WKY. Moreover, it was found that superoxide not only decreased the basal cGMP levels but also suppressed the cGMP response to SNAP stimulation in aortic SMCs (Figure 4A). This effect of superoxide could be ascribed to a direct inhibitory effect of superoxide on soluble guanylyl cyclase. Alternatively, superoxide might scavenge nitric oxide generated from SNAP or from endogenous sources, leading to a decreased stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase.
Our data showed that superoxide increased IP3 formation directly and also indirectly by lowering cGMP levels for the following reasons: First, superoxide effectively decreased the basal cGMP level (Figure 4A). Second, the increased cGMP formation reduced IP3 levels. Third, the superoxide-induced IP3 formation was significantly potentiated by the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (Figure 4B) and by the PKG inhibitor KT5823 (Figure 4C) but inhibited by the guanylyl cyclase stimulator SNAP. Therefore, it is rationalized that the inhibitory effect of superoxide on cGMP formation probably contributes to the activation of IP3 formation induced by superoxide by lifting the negative feedback exerted by cGMP on the PLC pathway(s). Because the basal levels of cGMP in aortic SMCs are higher in SHR than in WKY (Figure 4A), the interaction of cGMP and IP3 may be more important in SHR in view of the fact that higher cGMP levels, by exerting a greater inhibitory effect on the increased IP3 formation, would tend to counteract the increased vascular tone in SHR. However, this buffering mechanism of cGMP may be impaired by an overproduction of superoxide in SHR, demonstrated by several lines of evidence. (1) The increase or decrease in cGMP levels induced by SNAP or superoxide was greater in SMCs from SHR than in SMCs from WKY. Our findings are in agreement with the previous observation that the sodium nitroprusside–stimulated cGMP levels were higher in aortic SMCs from SHR than aortic SMCs from WKY.18 Those observations suggest the existence of a hypersensitivity of the cGMP pathway to superoxide or nitric oxide–related stimulation in SMCs from SHR. (2) The IP3 responsiveness to superoxide was markedly decreased in the presence of SNAP in SMCs from SHR and WKY, but it was more significantly enhanced in the presence of ODQ or the PKG inhibitor KT5823 in aortic SMCs from SHR than aortic SMCs from WKY (Figure 4). These findings indicate that the inhibition of the cGMP-mediated pathway by superoxide contributes to the stimulatory effect of superoxide on the IP3 pathway and that the cross inhibition of the IP3 pathway by the cGMP pathway is more suppressed by superoxide in SHR than in WKY.
An increase in either cGMP19 20 or cAMP21 22 concentrations in vascular SMCs results in vasorelaxation. This phenomenon has been partially interpreted as the consequence of the cross activation of PKG by both nucleotides. Because PKG can be cross-activated by an increase in cAMP,23 it is possible that cAMP could also participate indirectly in the regulation of IP3 levels by the activation of PKG. Previous studies from our laboratory as well as those of others have shown the existence of a complex cross-talk interaction between IP3 and cAMP pathways whereby an activation of the cAMP pathway resulted in an inhibition of the phenylephrine-induced IP formation in aortic SMCs from SHR and WKY.9 The present data confirm our previous observation by showing that the elevated IP3 level induced by superoxide is reduced by FSK treatment (Figure 5B). However, it has been clearly demonstrated from our results that superoxide does not cause any changes in cAMP levels in vascular SMCs from SHR or WKY, whereas it significantly affects IP3 and cGMP levels. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that FSK increases cAMP concentration in vascular SMCs to similar levels in the absence or presence of superoxide (Figure 5A). Thus, the superoxide-induced increase in IP3 formation in SMCs from both SHR and WKY is not under the influence of the postulated simultaneous changes in cAMP levels. These results also demonstrate the selectivity of the effects of superoxide on different signal transduction pathways. Although cGMP and IP3 pathways were differentially affected, the cAMP pathway was not acutely modulated.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate that superoxide increases
IP3 formation in aortic SMCs mainly through the
activation of the tyrosine kinase–linked PLC
pathway. The superoxide-induced decrease in intracellular cGMP levels
and its associated reduced activation of PKG could also facilitate the
superoxide-induced IP3 formation by lifting an
inhibitory feedback on the tyrosine kinase pathway. This
selective modulation of superoxide on IP3 and
cGMP signal transduction pathways may represent a novel
mechanism by which superoxide could be actively involved in the
functional regulation of vascular SMCs. More important, it was also
observed that the simultaneous increase in
IP3 formation and the decrease in cGMP level
induced by superoxide were significantly enhanced in vascular SMCs from
SHR compared with WKY. Therefore, the increased
IP3 levels in vascular SMCs from SHR could result
from a direct stimulatory effect of the overproduction of
superoxide on a hypersensitive tyrosine kinase pathway and from an
indirect inhibitory effect of superoxide on a
hypersensitive cGMP pathway. Our results not only emphasize the
complexity of interactions among different signal transduction pathways
but also reveal an important signaling role of superoxide in vascular
SMCs in SHR. The present study may unveil a new mechanism to
explain the development of alterations in vascular function in the
genesis or maintenance of hypertension. Moreover, the finding
of novel signaling effects of superoxide in vascular SMCs and their
alterations in hypertension may provide avenues for the development of
new strategies in the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada. L. Wu was supported by a studentship award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Dr de Champlain is the holder of a J.C. Edwards career investigatorship in cardiovascular research. The authors are grateful to Jo-Anne Le Guerrier and Diane Papin for their excellent technical assistance.
Received April 27, 1999; first decision June 10, 1999; accepted July 30, 1999.
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T. Shokoji, A. Nishiyama, Y. Fujisawa, H. Hitomi, H. Kiyomoto, N. Takahashi, S. Kimura, M. Kohno, and Y. Abe Renal Sympathetic Nerve Responses to Tempol in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, February 1, 2003; 41(2): 266 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. E. Rey, X.-C. Li, O. A. Carretero, J. L. Garvin, and P. J. Pagano Perivascular Superoxide Anion Contributes to Impairment of Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation: Role of gp91phox Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2497 - 2502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Wu and B. H.J. Juurlink Increased Methylglyoxal and Oxidative Stress in Hypertensive Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hypertension, March 1, 2002; 39(3): 809 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Hirota, A. Ichihara, Y. Koura, M. Hayashi, and T. Saruta Phospholipase D Contributes to Transmural Pressure Control of Prorenin Processing in Juxtaglomerular Cell Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 363 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ren, O. A. Carretero, and J. L. Garvin Mechanism by Which Superoxide Potentiates Tubuloglomerular Feedback Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 624 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Makino, M. M. Skelton, A.-P. Zou, R. J. Roman, and A. W. Cowley Jr Increased Renal Medullary Oxidative Stress Produces Hypertension Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 667 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. G. Schnackenberg, W. J. Welch, and C. S. Wilcox TP receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in microperfused afferent arterioles: roles of O2- and NO Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279(2): F302 - F308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. E. Rey, M. E. Cifuentes, A. Kiarash, M. T. Quinn, and P. J. Pagano Novel Competitive Inhibitor of NAD(P)H Oxidase Assembly Attenuates Vascular O2- and Systolic Blood Pressure in Mice Circ. Res., August 31, 2001; 89(5): 408 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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