(Hypertension. 2000;35:908.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Long-Term Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade With Fonsartan Doubles Lifespan of Hypertensive Rats
From Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, DG Cardiovascular Diseases, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Correspondence to Dr Wolfgang Linz, Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, DG Cardiovascular Diseases (H813), D-65926 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. E-mail Wolfgang.Linz{at}aventis.com
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Abstract— In this study, we investigated the outcome of lifelong treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker fonsartan (HR 720) in young stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). In addition to the primary end point, lifespan, and to determine the mechanisms involved in the treatment-induced effects, parameters such as left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac function/metabolism, endothelial function, and the expression/activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were also investigated. Ninety 1-month-old SHR-SP were allotted to 2 groups and treated via drinking water with an antihypertensive dose of fonsartan (10 mg · kg-1 · d-1) or placebo. Fonsartan doubled the lifespan to 30 months in SHR-SP, which was comparable to the lifespan of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. After 15 months, a time when
80% of the placebo group had died, left
ventricular hypertrophy was completely
prevented in fonsartan-treated animals. Furthermore, cardiac function
and metabolism as well as endothelial
function were significantly improved. These effects were correlated
with increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase
expression in the heart and carotid artery and with markedly decreased
tissue ACE expression/activities. Lifespan extension and
cardiovascular protection by long-term AT1
blockade with fonsartan led to similar beneficial effects, as observed
with long-term ACE inhibition.
Key Words: angiotensin II • angiotensin-converting enzyme • fonsartan • nitric oxide synthase • rats, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
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Recently, we have reported that lifelong antihypertensive angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment doubled the maximal lifespan in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP), being identical to the maximal lifespan of placebo-treated normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). This effect correlated with preservation of endothelial function, cardiac function/size, and cardiac metabolism.1
The beneficial effects of chronic ACE inhibition have been attributed to reduction of local angiotensin II (Ang II) production and increased accumulation of local kinin concentrations. Reduction of local Ang II concentrations induced by ACE inhibition was mainly related to antihypertensive and antihypertrophic actions. Increased local kinin concentrations by inhibition of ACE/kininase II, stimulating B2 kinin receptors, were associated with increased synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO).2 This mechanism most likely contributed to the preservation of vascular and cardiac function by inhibiting or scavenging superoxide production.3
Different from ACE inhibition, under which Ang II may be formed via ACE-independent pathways,4 Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) blockade fully prevented the vasoconstrictor, hormone-stimulating, and growth-promoting effects of Ang II. Human studies with AT1 blockers are, so far, limited. The compounds have proved to be effective for the treatment of hypertension5 and congestive heart failure.6 7
Up to now, experimental investigations with AT1 blockers revealed no uniform outcome, although in many studies with experimental hypertension, these drugs share with ACE inhibitors the same beneficial effects. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and impaired cardiac function and metabolism in SHR-SP were equally prevented by early-onset long-term treatment by AT1 blockers and ACE inhibitors.8 Hypertrophy after hypertension induced by inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity was also prevented to a similar extent by both long-term treatment regimens.9 The same was true for hypertrophy in the 2-kidney, 1-clip rat model with an activated renin-angiotensin system.10 However, in rats with persistent systolic pressure overload due to ascending aortic stenosis, long-term AT1 blockade did not regress LVH,11 whereas long-term ACE inhibition regressed LVH, normalized survival, and improved cardiac function in the same model.12 AT1 antagonism and ACE inhibition displayed similar inhibitory effects on hypertrophic remodeling in rats after acute myocardial infarction13 and acute ischemia/reperfusion injuries,13 14 whereas in the chronic situation, only the ACE inhibitor treatment was effective.15
Experimental studies concerning the effect of AT1 blockers on survival are very scarce. A 1-year study16 in rats with coronary ligation–induced chronic heart failure showed no difference in survival after losartan or captopril treatment; however, in that study, no control group was included. In another study17 involving the AT1 blocker irbesartan, a dose-dependent increase in survival in the rat postinfarction model of congestive heart failure was shown.
Because no data exist concerning prevention of mortality with early-onset long-term AT1 blocker treatment in genetically hypertensive rats, we investigated the effects of fonsartan (HR 720)18 in an antihypertensive dose on maximal lifespan extension in SHR-SP. In addition, and also to determine the mechanisms involved in the treatment-induced effects, we investigated cardiac function/size and metabolism, endothelial function, expression of eNOS, and ACE expression and activity.
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Methods |
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Animals
Male 1-month-old SHR-SP with equal body weights were purchased from Møllegrad (Skvensgaard, Denmark). They were housed 3 per cage under standardized conditions of temperature, humidity, and light. The rats had free access to standard diet (Altromin Maintenance Diet 1320, sodium content 0.2%) and drinking water ad libitum. All experiments were performed in accordance with the German animal protection law.
Study Design
Ninety animals were randomly allotted to 2 groups, with 45
animals in each group, which were treated, via drinking water, with
placebo or an antihypertensive dose (10 mg ·
kg-1 · d-1) of
fonsartan.18 Treatment started immediately after
randomization and was adjusted to the actual fluid consumption. Body
weights and systolic blood pressures (tail plethysmography)
were determined every 3 months. Deaths were recorded as they
occurred.
Interim Analysis
Interim analysis was scheduled when 80% of the
placebo-treated animals had died, which was after 15 months. Ten
animals each were randomly selected and anesthetized
(hexobarbital, 80 mg · kg-1 IP) for
direct recording of mean arterial blood pressure in
the left carotid artery. Thereafter, blood samples were drawn, and
thoracic aortas, carotid arteries, and hearts were removed for
molecular, biochemical, and/or functional analyses. Renin
activity and concentrations of aldosterone and Ang II were
determined in plasma.1 ACE activities in plasma, thoracic
aorta, and right cardiac ventricle were radioenzymatically measured by
use of [3H]Hip-Gly-Gly as substrate (Hycor
ACE-activity test).
Expression of eNOS in Carotid Artery (Western Blotting)
Vessels were thawed and extracted with guanidinium
isothiocyanate/phenol/chloroform.19 Western blot
analyses using 100 µg of the total protein extracts were
performed as previously described.20
Expression of mRNA of eNOS and ACE in Left Cardiac
Ventricle
Total mRNA was isolated from apex sections of the left
ventricles by guanidinium isothiocyanate/phenol/chloroform
extraction.19 RNAse protection experiments for ACE and
eNOS, with the use of 20 mg of total RNA, were performed as previously
described.1 21
Isolated Working Heart
Hearts were perfused with a constant perfusion pressure of
65 mm Hg.22 Left ventricular pressure,
left ventricular dP/dtmax, and heart
rate were measured via a balloon catheter. Coronary flow was
determined with an electromagnetic flow probe. After a washout phase of
5 minutes, 1 mL of the coronary effluent was sampled for
measuring lactate concentration, the activities of lactate
dehydrogenase and creatine kinase,22 and concentrations of
kinins. The antibody used in the kinin radioimmunoassay did not
distinguish among bradykinin, lysyl-bradykinin, and
methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin.23 Thereafter, the hearts were
gently blotted to dryness for determination of total and left and right
ventricular heart weights.
Isolated Rings of Thoracic Aorta
The method used was the same as previously
described.1 Briefly, in a temperature-regulated (37°C)
10-mL organ bath with modified Tyrode’s solution, each strip of the
aorta was mounted vertically between 2 fine stainless steel pins. The
upper pin was connected to an isometric strain-gauge transducer. The
transducer signal was recorded with a computer-assisted biosignal
analyzer. Aortic strips were suspended under a passive tension
of 4.9 mN. After an equilibration period of 1 hour, the strips were
contracted by 20 mmol/L KCl. At the plateau of KCl-induced
contraction, acetylcholine (10-8 to
10-5 mol/L) was added in a cumulative manner to
relax the vessel strips. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were related
to the respective KCl contractions.
Statistical Analysis
The data are given as mean±SE. Cumulative survival was
analyzed for differences according to Kaplan-Meier followed by
Cox-Mantel log rank test. ANOVA or ANOVA on ranks, as appropriate,
followed by multiple pairwise comparisons according to
Student-Newman-Keuls was used. Null hypotheses were rejected at
P<0.05.
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Results |
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Measurements of Body Weight and Systolic Blood Pressure
Body weights increased from 97±4 g (at 1 month) to 370±4 g (at 15 months) in placebo-treated SHR-SP. Fonsartan treatment did not significantly affect body weight. Systolic blood pressure (plethysmographic tail-cuff method) of 103±4 mm Hg in 1-month-old placebo-treated SHR-SP was significantly increased (157±5 mm Hg) after 3 months and reached the highest value (243±6 mm Hg) after 12 months. Fonsartan treatment completely prevented the rise in blood pressure (107±3 mm Hg).
Cumulative Survival
All placebo-treated SHR-SP survived within the first 9 months of
age. Thereafter, the animals successively died, revealing a maximal
lifespan of 15 months. Fonsartan treatment doubled the life expectancy
to 30 months (Figure 1).
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, fonsartan (10 mg · kg-1 ·
d-1). Percent survival was significantly enhanced with
fonsartan vs placebo in SHR-SP (Kaplan-Meier analysis followed
by Cox-Mantel log rank test; 
2=43.92,
P<0.05).
Interim Analyses After 15 Months
In SHR-SP, fonsartan treatment reduced mean arterial
blood pressure (to 98±5 mm Hg) compared with placebo treatment
(155±5 mm Hg). These values are in line with those found by
plethysmographic tail-cuff determination.
Compared with placebo treatment, fonsartan treatment significantly reduced total and left and right ventricular heart weights (Figure 2A); heart weights in SHR-SP after fonsartan treatment were similar to those of normotensive WKY.1
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Significantly increased plasma renin activity and plasma Ang II concentration were observed in fonsartan-treated animals compared with placebo-treated animals. Plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma ACE activity as well as ACE activities in the thoracic aorta and right cardiac ventricle were significantly reduced by fonsartan treatment (Table). In the left cardiac ventricle, a significant reduction of ACE mRNA expression was observed with fonsartan treatment (Table).
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Isolated Working Heart Preparation
Compared with hearts from placebo-treated SHR-SP, hearts from
fonsartan-treated SHR-SP revealed a significant increase in left
ventricular pressure and left ventricular
contraction rate (dP/dtmax) (2334±101
[placebo] versus 4005±99 [fonsartan] mm Hg ·
s-1). Also, heart rate was significantly
increased by fonsartan treatment (135±7 [placebo] versus 177±7
[fonsartan] bpm). In hearts from fonsartan-treated rats,
coronary flow and release of kinins into the coronary
effluent were significantly enhanced (Figure 2B). The activities
of cytosolic enzymes and the release of lactate into the
coronary effluent were significantly lower in hearts from
fonsartan-treated rats (respective values for placebo versus fonsartan
were as follows: creatine kinase, 1.0±0.1 versus 0.76±0.08 mU
· min-1 · g heart wet
wt-1; lactate dehydrogenase, 1.48±0.12 versus
1.02±0.1 mU · min-1 · g heart wet
wt-1; and lactate release, 25.2±1.1 versus
5.5±0.2 µmol · min-1 · g
heart wet wt-1).
Isolated Thoracic Aorta
The strongly impaired endothelium-dependent
relaxation in response to acetylcholine in placebo-treated SHR-SP was
significantly prevented by fonsartan treatment (Figure 3A).
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Expression of eNOS in Cardiac Left Ventricle and Carotid
Artery
Expression of eNOS mRNA was slightly but significantly increased
in hearts from fonsartan-treated rats (Figure 3B).
Expression of eNOS protein assessed by densitometric Western
blot analysis showed a slight increase in the carotid artery of
fonsartan-treated SHR-SP: respective intensity of placebo versus
fonsartan was 75±36 versus 152±90 (optical density ·
mm2)-1.
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Discussion |
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Effect of AT1 Blockade on Lifespan Extension
Lifelong treatment with the AT1 blocker fonsartan in a blood pressure–lowering dose of 10 mg · kg-1 · d-1 doubled life expectancy in SHR-SP, which corresponded with the lifespan of normotensive WKY.1 This lifespan extension by fonsartan appeared to be the result of the concert of beneficial effects that the drug exerted on blood pressure, development of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac pump function and metabolism, and endothelial function.
Effects of AT1 Blockade on Cardiac LVH
Previously, we showed that compared with age-matched normotensive
WKY, senescent SHR-SP with cardiac hypertrophy exhibited
significant increases in cardiac ACE mRNA expression and
activity.1 Consistent with these findings are data
in failing human hearts in which ACE expression of the cardiac left
ventricle was upregulated.24 Surprisingly, lifelong
treatment with fonsartan significantly decreased myocardial ACE mRNA
expression (-38%) and ACE activity (-67%) in SHR-SP. In another
model of hypertension induced by
NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester, the increased cardiac ACE activity was also reduced by an
AT1 blocker.9 This effect might
be explained by unknown indirect counterregulating mechanisms in
response to increased circulating renin as well as Ang II levels under
long-term AT1 blockade.25 26
However, some insight might be gained from the findings that NO
competitively inhibited the activity of purified ACE and that
stimulated endothelial NO release from rat carotid
arteries physiologically reduced the conversion
of angiotensin I to Ang II.27 No acute
(60-minute incubation) inhibitory action on ACE activity in
plasma and cardiac tissue from untreated rats could be observed in the
presence of fonsartan (data not shown).
The strong inhibition of cardiac ACE activity by long-term fonsartan treatment provides for an enhanced local accumulation of kinins, which seems to be related to an antihypertrophic action. Recently, it was shown that bradykinin abolished the Ang II–induced hypertrophy in adult myocytes cocultured with endothelial cells but not in myocytes in the absence of endothelial cells.28 Therefore, it seems that besides AT1 blockade, the strongly decreased cardiac ACE activity observed in response to the long-term AT1 blocker treatment also contributed to the antihypertrophic effect.
Effect of ACE Inhibition on Heart Function and Metabolism
Isolated hearts from placebo-treated SHR-SP showed impaired
cardiac function (left ventricular
pressure/dP/dtmax) and increased
metabolic markers for ischemia (activities of
creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as lactate content).
In the present study, fonsartan treatment prevented the impairment
of myocardial metabolism. Furthermore, this treatment
evoked an increased coronary flow, probably mediated by blocked
Ang II activity and increased kinins. The enhanced kinin accumulation,
in turn, is most likely due to the strong inhibition of cardiac ACE
activity by fonsartan treatment.
Similar beneficial effects were seen in isolated rat hearts with ischemia/reperfusion under AT1 blockade with losartan. In the present study, the cardioprotective effects were dependent on bradykinin receptor activation, because cardioprotection by losartan was blunted by the B2 kinin receptor antagonist icatibant.29 An improvement of coronary flow by kinins has been also shown in isolated normoxic and ischemic working rat hearts.30 Cardiac pump function seems also to be mediated by kinins. AT1 blockade significantly improved pump function in rats with congestive heart failure. Cotreatment with the B2 kinin receptor antagonist icatibant partially reversed this effect. AT1 blockade seems to be also related to the activation of AT2 receptors whose blockade reversed the beneficial effects of AT1 blockers.31 Stimulation of AT2 receptors has been shown to activate the kinin/NO system.32 33 Thus, these data indicate that the decrease in afterload is not the only cause of cardioprotective effects induced by AT1 blockers.
Effect of AT1 Blockade on Isolated Thoracic
Aorta
Our results confirm previously published results showing that the
strongly impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in
aortas from hypertensive rats became ameliorated by chronic
AT1 blockade.8 34 This improvement
of endothelial dysfunction can be attributed to a
variety of mechanisms. The reduction of elevated blood pressure by
AT1 blockade could be considered to be a primary
nonspecific mechanism. On the other hand, in vitro treatment with
losartan of aortas from untreated 20-month-old SHR also reduced
vascular dysfunction in response to acetylcholine.35
The present study revealed that endothelial preservation by lifelong treatment with fonsartan was positively correlated with a slightly increased aortic eNOS expression, which, in turn, was most likely associated with an enhanced NO synthesis and release. This was supported by experiments showing that Ang II stimulated eNOS protein levels in the rat kidney36 and NO synthesis and release in cultured endothelial cells.32 37
There are some data indicating that like ACE inhibitors, AT1 blockers were also able to interact with the kinin system.32 33 Strongly increased plasma Ang II levels as a result of AT1 blockade25 26 obviously activate AT2 receptors; this activation, in turn, results in the local formation of kinins and, consequently, NO synthesis.32 38
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Conclusion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
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Lifelong antihypertensive AT1 blockade prevents the development of LVH and dysfunction of the heart and endothelium, resulting in a doubling of the life expectancy of rats with a genetic form of hypertension. These beneficial cardiovascular effects can be attributed to various molecular/biochemical mechanisms. The deleterious actions of Ang II are abolished by specific AT1 blockade and also, concomitantly, by inhibition of tissue ACE activity. The latter increases local kinin concentrations. As a result of AT1 blockade, increased levels of Ang II in the plasma and tissue lead to an upregulation of eNOS and, presumably, stimulation of endothelial AT2 receptors, evoking kinin release with subsequent NO formation. Thus, the mechanisms by which chronic AT1 blockade and ACE inhibition act in SHR-SP are similar, in that both block the renin-angiotensin system and both enhance the release of NO via kinins, leading to a comparable beneficial outcome in the respective survival of hypertensive animals.
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Acknowledgments |
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We kindly thank Prof Edwin Fink (München) for determination of kinins, Dr Anne Bouloumier (Frankfurt/Main) for measurement of carotid eNOS expression, Dr Timm Jessen for measurement of myocardial mRNA for eNOS and ACE, and Dr Dieter Ruppert (Aventis) for determination of plasma renin activity, Ang II, and aldosterone. We also thank Peter Pleines for excellent management of the study and Marion Jorge, Albin Köhler, Monika Platil, Heinz Otto Stern, Thomas Ulshöfer, and Wolfgang Jung for expert technical assistance.
Received September 8, 1999; first decision October 5, 1999; accepted November 22, 1999.
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