(Hypertension. 2000;35:1319.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Antagonist-Induced Intracellular Sequestration of Rabbit Bradykinin B2 Receptor
From Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Pavillon l’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada, G1R 2J6.
Correspondence to François Marceau, MD, PhD, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon l’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 11 Côte-du-Palais, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6. E-mail francois.marceau{at}crhdq.ulaval.ca
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Abstract—In a contractility assay based on the rabbit jugular vein, the structurally related drugs NPC 17731 or icatibant (1 to 3 nmol/L) were insurmountable antagonists of bradykinin (BK) B2 receptors (B2Rs). After ample washing (3 hours), the antagonism exerted by these peptides was not reversible. By contrast, the antagonist LF 16.0687 (30 to 100 nmol/L) was competitive and reversible. A rabbit B2R–green fluorescent protein (B2R-GFP) conjugate was expressed in mammalian cells. In COS-1 cells, it exhibited an affinity for [3H]BK (KD=1.61 nmol/L) similar to that of the wild-type rabbit B2R. The stably expressed construction in HEK-293 cells was functionally active (phospholipase A2 assay), and the antagonists mentioned above retained their respective surmountable or insurmountable behavior. Competition of [3H]BK binding to B2R-GFP by the antagonists or BK was largely reversible after a 3-hour washout period at 0°C; at 37°C, icatibant or NPC 17731 effects were not reversible. B2R-GFP was visualized in the plasma membranes of HEK-293 cells and rapidly internalized in response to BK. NPC 17731 or icatibant slowly translocated B2R-GFP into cells over 24 hours, whereas LF 16.0687 had no effect on the subcellular distribution of B2R-GFP. Cell extract immunoblotting with anti-GFP antibodies revealed a 101- to 105-kDa protein that was not significantly degraded on 24 hours of cell treatment with any of the ligands but was translocated in part to the 15 000-g pellet of the extract on treatment with BK or the noncompetitive antagonists. NPC 17731 and icatibant are noncompetitive, nonequilibrium antagonists that promote the cellular sequestration of rabbit B2R expressed in an heterologous system.
Key Words: rabbits • bradykinin • veins • receptors, bradykinin
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The kinin B2 receptor (B2R) subtype exhibits a high affinity for bradykinin (BK) and is prominent in the human cardiovascular and renal systems.1 2 The known B2R antagonists are sequence-related peptides3 4 or nonpeptide compounds.5 6 The introduction of the B2R peptide antagonist icatibant (Hoe 140; D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]-BK)4 allowed a critical assessment of the role of kinin in the autoregulation of the circulation, blood pressure regulation, and the therapeutic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, notably in clinical studies.1 2 The competitive status of icatibant, verified in human tissues and cells, unexpectedly varied according to the species studied. Indeed, the drug was noncompetitive and not readily reversible in a contractility assay based on the rabbit jugular vein.7 The nonequilibrium variety of antagonism was involved because receptors are apparently inactivated in a time-dependent manner in the presence of the peptide.8
The cloned rabbit and human B2R molecules, although 83% identical at the amino acid level, differed in their interaction with the drug icatibant, as evidenced by Scatchard plot analysis of [3H]BK binding.9 Preincubation with the antagonist at 0°C removed many rabbit receptors from the reaction without changing the apparent affinity of the remaining sites.9 It was also recently observed that in vivo treatment of rabbits with repeated doses of icatibant over a 48-hour period drastically reduced the abundance of the B2Rs in various tissues, including the jugular vein, as assessed by immunohistochemistry.10 Thus, a low reversibility of drug-receptor interaction may not be sufficient to account for the observed nonequilibrium behavior, because some form of antagonist-induced receptor internalization may occur in this system.
In the present study, we investigated the competitive nature and reversibility of a constrained peptide structurally related to icatibant (NPC 17731, D-Arg[Hyp3, D-HypE(trans-propyl)7, Oic8]-BK)11 and of a novel nonpeptide antagonist (LF 16.0687)6 in the rabbit jugular vein; the behavior of B2R antagonists was correlated with events posterior to receptor binding in this species, with comparison to the well-established agonist-induced internalization of the B2R.12
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Drugs
Icatibant and LF16.0687 (1-[[2,4-dichloro-3-[(2,4-dimethylquinolin-8 -yl)oxy]methyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-N-[3-[[4-(aminoiminomethyl] -phenyl]carbonylamino]propyl]-2(S)-pyrrolidinecarboxamide, mesylate salt) were gifts from Laboratoires Fournier SCA (Daix, France) and NPC 17731 was a gift from Dr Donald J. Kyle, Scios Inc (Sunnyvale, Calif). BK was purchased from Bachem and the other drugs from Sigma.
Contractility Studies
A local ethics committee approved the animal experimentation.
Isometric changes of the tone of rabbit jugular vein strips were
measured as reported.8 These studies aimed to investigate
the nature and specificity of BK B2R
antagonists in the vascular smooth muscle preparation. Each
tissue was subjected to the construction of 3 full cumulative
concentration-response curves for BK (a B2R
agonist) or histamine in the absence of antagonist
(control, time 1 hour), in the presence of an antagonist
applied 30 minutes earlier (3 hours), and after ample washing
(recovery, 6 hours). Contractility results are
expressed as a percentage of the maximal response recorded when
constructing the control curve (1 hour). Results were expressed as
mean±SEM, and statistics were calculated with the use of the InStat
2.0 computer program (GraphPad Software).
Construction and Expression of Rabbit B2
Receptor–Green Fluorescent Protein Conjugate
With the use of the cloned rabbit B2R in
the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA39 as a
template, the entire coding region of the gene (excluding the stop
codon) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
5'-GAACAAGCTTGAAATGCTCAACATCAC-3' and
5'-TGATGGATCCCTGTTTGTTCCTCGTCCACTC-3' were used as PCR sense
and antisense primers, respectively. These primers contain additional
HindIII and BamHI sites (italicized) for the
directional cloning of the rabbit B2R coding
region in the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N3
(Clontech Laboratories, Inc), encoding a red-shifted variant of green
fluorescent protein (GFP). Both the PCR fragment and the
pEGFP-N3 vector were digested with HindIII and
BamHI and ligated at 12°C overnight. The resultant vector
(B2R-GFP) contained the rabbit
B2R coding sequence fused in frame at its
carboxyl terminus with the GFP and under the control of the strong
cytomegalovirus promoter. COS-1 cells, grown in 12-well plates until
70% confluent, were transiently (48 hours) transfected with the
B2R-GFP coding vector or the pEGFP-N3 vector with
the use of the EX-Gen 500 transfection reagent (MBI Fermentas Inc) as
directed. The B2R-GFP vector was also transfected
in HEK-293 cells by means of the same procedure, and stable
transfectants were selected after growing the cells for 1 month in
-MEM medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (5%), horse serum
(5%), penicillin-streptomycin (1%), and geneticin (500 µg/mL; Gibco
BRL).
Binding Assays
The binding of [3H]BK (NEN Life Science
Products; 90 Ci/mmol) to adherent intact cells was evaluated as
described.9 Briefly, 24-well plates of cells (70%
confluent for COS-1, confluent for HEK 293 cells) were washed twice
with ice-cold binding medium (PBS, pH 7.4, supplemented with 0.02%
sodium azide, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 1 mmol/L
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 µmol/L captopril),
and 500 µL of this medium was added to each well. To construct
saturation curves, the total binding of the ligand (0.25 to 7 nmol/L)
to cells transfected with the B2R-GFP
construction or with GFP alone (as control) was determined in duplicate
wells, and 300 nmol/L of cold BK was added to matched wells to
determine the nonspecific binding. On 90 minutes of incubation, the
wells were rinsed (x3) with ice-cold PBS, the supernatant was removed,
and the cells were dissolved in 1 mL of 0.1 mol/L NaOH. The resulting
suspension was then counted by scintillation. Binding experiments
involving 2 nmol/L [3H]BK and the same general
conditions as outlined above were also performed on the HEK 293 stable
transfectant cell line to verify antagonist binding to the
fusion protein. For this purpose, plates of cells were concomitantly
treated at 0°C with the cold competitors (icatibant, NPC 17731, LF
16.0687, or cold BK) at various concentrations and the
radioligand. In other plates, the competing drugs were
incubated for 30-minute periods, either in the complete culture medium
at 37°C or in the ice-cold PBS-based binding buffer described above.
These treatments were followed by drug washout and cell rinsing (x2)
and by 3 hours of incubation in the same medium at the same
temperature. The plates were then transferred on ice and the binding of
2 nmol/L of [3H]BK was evaluated in the
PBS-based buffer (90-minute equilibration without competitor, except
for 1 µmol/L BK in some wells to determine the nonspecific
binding).
Effect of BK or Antagonists on Subcellular Distribution
of B2R-GFP
The agonist BK or 1 of the 3 antagonists studied was
added to the culture medium of the stable transfectant HEK 293 cells,
and the subcellular fluorescence distribution was observed
without fixation or drug washout with a BioRad 1024 confocal microscope
as a function of treatment duration (x60 objective with oil immersion;
emission 488 nm).
Phospholipase A2 Assays
An arachidonic acid release assay was performed
to evaluate the function of B2R-GFP stably
expressed in HEK 293 cells; 2.5x105 cells were
seeded in 2-cm2 wells (24-well plates) containing
1 mL of the complete culture medium (see above). Twenty-four hours
later, as the cells were 50% to 60% confluent, 0.1 µCi of
[3H]arachidonic acid (NEN;
specific activity 185 Ci/mmol) was added to each well. The cells were
further incubated for 18 hours, then washed 3 times with Earle’s
balanced salt solution containing 2 mg/mL of bovine serum
albumin. One milliliter of this medium was left in each well.
B2R antagonists were first added to
the appropriate wells, and the agonist BK was added 30 minutes later.
The plates were further incubated at 37°C for 20 minutes, at which
point 500 µL of the medium from each well was recovered in 1.5 mL
conical tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes at
15 000g. Four hundred microliters of the supernatants was
transferred into vials for scintillation counting of the released
arachidonate.
Immunoblot
For the analysis of B2R-GFP,
75-cm2 flasks of confluent transfectant HEK 293
cells were treated with drugs (icatibant, NPC 17731, or BK, 30 nmol/L
of each or 100 nmol/L LF16.0687) for specific time periods. The cells
were then put in boiling lysis buffer containing 10 mmol/L Tris,
pH 7.4, 1.0 mmol/L
Na3VO4, and 1.0% SDS. The
lysates were centrifuged at 15 000g for 5 minutes
and incubated for 5 minutes at 100°C. Total protein concentrations
were then determined with the use of the BCA Protein Assay (Pierce).
Fifteen micrograms of total protein was run on a 10% SDS-PAGE and
transferred to a PVDF membrane. Other experiments involved sequential
centrifugation of cell homogenates (one
75-cm2 flask per drug treatment) prepared in 0.5
mL sucrose buffer (250 mmol/L sucrose, 20 mmol/L tricine
buffer, 1 mmol/L EDTA, 1 mmol/L PMSF, 10 µg/mL leupeptin, 2
µg/mL pepstatin, and 10 µg/mL soybean trypsin
inhibitor, pH 7.5) to document drug-induced translocation
into specific cell compartments.13 The first pellet
(600 g, 5 minutes) was discarded; the whole content of the second
(15 000 g, 5 minutes) and third (150 000 g, 3 hours) pellets as well
as the final supernatant were migrated and transferred as described
above. Either type of blot was then incubated for 1 hour at room
temperature in blocking buffer (washing buffer [10 mmol/L Tris,
pH 7.5, 100 mmol/L NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20] containing 5% skimmed
milk). The primary antibody (polyclonal anti-GFP; S-8334; dilution
1:875; Santa Cruz Biotechnologies) was added for 30 minutes at 37°C
in fresh blocking buffer. The membranes were washed for 30 minutes in
washing buffer at room temperature before adding the secondary antibody
(horseradish peroxidase–coupled goat anti-rabbit IgG; A-0545; Sigma;
dilution 1:16 000) for 1 hour at room temperature in blocking buffer.
The membranes were washed in washing buffer for another 30 minutes and
the antibodies then were revealed with the use of the Western Blot
Chemoluminescence Reagent Plus (NEN), as directed.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Vascular Contractility Mediated by B2R in Rabbit Jugular Vein
The rabbit jugular vein stimulated with the B2R agonist BK responded by a concentration-related contraction, with an EC50 in the range of 3 to 8 nmol/L (Figure 1). The structurally constrained B2R antagonist NPC 17731 (1 or 3 nmol/L) shifted the concentration curve to the right (EC50 of 53.1±15.2 nmol/L at 3 nmol/L of the antagonist, P=0.004 by Mann-Whitney test) and depressed the maximum BK-induced effect (Emax of 14.8±4.6% of the control maximum at 3 nmol/L of the antagonist, P=0.002) (Figure 1, A and B). After ample washing during a 3-hour period, the antagonism exerted by NPC 17731 was only partly reversible (Figure 1, A and B). At 3-nmol/L antagonist concentration, the effect of BK after washing returned to 46.2±11.5% of the 1-hour control maximum (P=0.002), and the EC50 was 12.8±3.4 nmol/L (P=0.015 when compared with the control value of 4.4±1.1 nmol/L). NPC 17731 (3 nmol/L) did not exert any antagonism on histamine-induced contraction in the rabbit jugular vein (Figure 1C). As reported previously, icatibant (3 nmol/L) was also an insurmountable antagonist of BK in the rabbit jugular vein (Figure 1D; EC50 increased from 3.30±1.44 to 16.5±3.6 nmol/L in the presence of the drug, P=0.002; Emax reduced to 63.0±6.0% of the control maximal response, P=0.002). The Emax depression was essentially nonreversible on 3 hours of washing (56.3±7.1% of control, P=0.009).
|
,
antagonist, 3 hours), and after ample washing (
,
recovery, 6 hours). Values are mean±SEM (n=6 to 8). See text for
statistics.By contrast, the B2R antagonist LF 16.0687 (Reference 6 ) was surmountable when applied at 30 or 100 nmol/L (EC50 of 44.6±11.6 nmol/L, P=0.009, and Emax of 99.0±3.6, NS, at 100 nmol/L of the drug), and the antagonism was reversible on washing (Emax of 90.6±4.5% of the 1-hour control maximum, NS, and EC50 of 5.6±3.2 nmol/L, not significantly different from the control EC50 value of 5.1±2.0 nmol/L) (Figure 1, E and F). The apparent competitive behavior of LF 16.0687 allowed the calculation of a pA2 value (7.99±0.27) with computerized Schild plot analysis8 (the slope of the regression, 1.09, was close to unity).
Pharmacology of B2R-GFP Fusion Protein
COS-1 cells transiently transfected with a GFP coding vector
failed to bind [3H]BK, whereas cells that
expressed B2R-GFP exhibited specific and
apparently saturable binding (Figure 2A).
The affinity estimate derived from Scatchard plot analysis
(Figure 2A, inset) was KD=1.61
nmol/L, close to that of the wild-type B2R
transiently expressed in the same cell type (2.09±0.39
nmol/L).9 Stably transfected HEK 293 cells expressing
B2R-GFP bound far larger quantities of the
radioligand but not in a saturable manner in the 0.25 to 7
nmol/L concentration range (Figure 2A). The irregular shape of
the curve may suggest the presence of more than one state of
affinity.
|
The potency and reversibility of antagonist or BK binding was addressed by measuring the specific binding of [3H]BK (2 nmol/L) to the transfectant HEK 293 cells at 0°C as a function of the presence of one of the antagonists or cold BK. All 3 tested antagonists or BK could completely displace radioligand-specific binding at suitable concentrations when coincubated with [3H]BK (Figure 2B). Receptor occupancy by cold drugs was largely reversible for drug concentrations <1 µmol/L on 3 hours of washing at 0°C with the binding buffer (Figure 2D), whereas the inhibition of binding in cells treated with the peptides NPC 17731 or icatibant was fully persistent after a 3-hour washout period at 37°C (Figure 2C).
In a phospholipase A2 assay, BK (100 nmol/L) was active to release [3H]arachidonate from the stably transfected cells, but the 3 B2R antagonists were inactive in this respect (Figure 3A). Varying the agonist concentration showed that BK was maximally active at 1 nmol/L, but its effect was inhibited by preincubation with any of the 3 tested antagonists (Figure 3B). The nature of the antagonism observed for each drug (insurmountable for icatibant or NPC 17731 at 30 nmol/L, surmountable for LF 16.0687 at 1 µmol/L) was similar to that observed in the contractility assay (compare Figure 3B with Figure 1).
|
The B2R-GFP fusion protein stably expressed in HEK-293 cells was mostly visualized in the plasma membrane (Figure 4). The acute addition of BK (10 to 100 nmol/L) was rapidly (10 minutes) followed by translocation of the fluorescence into the cells (diffuse labeling close to the plasma membrane and discrete intracellular structures; Figure 4). The antagonists icatibant, NPC 17731, or LF 16.0687, used at concentrations proven to occupy the receptor fusion protein (Figures 2 and 3), exerted a modest acute (15 minutes) effect consisting of a loss of plasma membrane–associated fluorescence (Figure 4); however, after 24 hours of treatment, NPC 17731 or icatibant induced a variable loss of membrane fluorescence, and, depending on the cell population and/or the specific area in a given cell monolayer, diffuse fluorescence in the cytosol was observed (the full spectrum of these effects is illustrated in Figure 4). B2R-GFP remained mostly associated to the plasma membrane in cells exposed to LF 16.0687 (0.1 to 1 µmol/L) for 24 hours.
|
Two protein bands (92 and 57 kDa) appeared on reaction with anti-GFP
antibodies in the cell extract from untransfected HEK 293 cells (Figure 5A); these bands were also present in
all other extracts from the same cell type and were regarded as
nonspecific. HEK 293 cells transiently expressing GFP exhibited the
expected 
28-kDa protein, as assessed by
immunoblotting (Figure 5A). Under
fluorescence microscopy, positive cells exhibited a uniform
cytosolic fluorescence (not shown). Cells stably expressing
B2R-GFP exhibited a specific double band (101
to 105 kDa). Treatments with antagonists (24 hours) or BK
(30 minutes, in the presence of 1 µmol/L captopril and 3
µmol/L phosphoramidon to inhibit inactivation by
serum) failed to reveal significant degradation of these bands
(especially when band intensity was corrected with the nonspecific
bands for loading fluctuation); notably, there was no
lower-molecular-weight band suggestive of cleavage. However,
ligand-induced translocation of the 101- to 105-kDa bands into a dense
cell fraction (15 000–g pellet) was observed in cells exposed to BK
(10 minutes) or the peptide antagonists but not to
LF16.0687 (24 hours, Figure 5B). Icatibant effect was more
intense than that of NPC 17731 but small after only 3 hours of
treatment (data not shown). Immunoreactive
B2R-GFP was present in the 150 000–g pellet
from all transfected and drug-treated cells but not in the
corresponding supernatant (data not shown).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The structurally related and constrained peptides NPC 17731 and icatibant are nonequilibrium antagonists of the rabbit B2R in living cells because their insurmountable effect at nanomolar concentrations is not reversible or is only slowly reversible (Figure 1). This durable loss of BK-induced effect is not related to toxicity or postreceptor effect on contractility because the histamine-induced responses were unaffected by NPC 17731 in the rabbit jugular vein (3 nmol/L, Figure 1C). Previous work has also established that icatibant is selective for B2Rs in the rabbit jugular vein.7 Other BK sequence-related peptide antagonists, such as D-Arg-[Hyp3, D-Phe7, Leu8]BK, are highly potent and competitive in the rabbit jugular vein while retaining key structural features present in NPC 17731 and icatibant (for instance, both Arg1 and Arg9 residues).3 Similarly, the nonpeptide B2R antagonists WIN 64338,8 FR 173657,14 or LF 16.0687 (Figure 1, E and F) were verified to be competitive on the basis of the rabbit vein contractility assay, but a nonpeptide mimetic of the C-terminal tripeptide of icatibant (compound 9)15 behaves as an insurmountable and irreversible antagonist of BK in this preparation (E.K. Dziadulewicz and F. Marceau, unpublished data). This nonequilibrium behavior is likely to be determined by both the constrained C-terminal region structurally similar in icatibant and NPC 17731 and by the fine receptor structure, as icatibant is competitive in the highly homologous human B2Rs.8 9 Thus, an obvious opportunity exists to map the structural determinants of this pharmacological behavior in the rabbit B2R sequence. There are other reported differences in the pharmacology of the B2R antagonists between the two species (eg, LF 16.0687 is more potent and D-Arg-[Hyp3, D-Phe7, Leu8]BK less potent at the human B2R).3 6
Visual monitoring of GFP-fused G-protein–coupled receptors, introduced previously for studying the cycling of the ß-adrenoceptor,16 is usually well tolerated as far as the pharmacological properties of the fusion protein is concerned. Our B2R-GFP construction retained a binding affinity virtually identical to that of the wild-type rabbit B2R (Figure 2); rapid agonist-induced internalization (Figure 4) as well as arachidonate release (Figure 3) were observed in response to low concentrations of the agonist, supporting that the receptor function of the fusion protein is largely intact. Moreover, the 3 tested antagonists retained their original respective surmountable or insurmountable properties relative to BK action on B2R-GFP when tested at 37°C in the phospholipase A2 assay (Figure 3B). Three lines of evidence support that the noncompetitive antagonists icatibant and NPC 17731 but not the competitive one, LF 16.0687, induce B2R-GFP internalization into the stable transfectant HEK 293 cells. First, the binding of the 3 studied antagonists was largely reversible on washing at 0°C, especially at <1 µmol/L, but the 2 peptides at low concentrations persistently removed binding sites from the cell surface at 37° (Figure 2). The agonist BK had no such durable effect after the 3-hour washout period at 37°C (Figure 2), even if the receptor is acutely translocated into cells by agonist treatment (Figure 4 and Figure 5B), suggesting receptor recycling to the cell surface during the washout period. Second, the 2 insurmountable peptides induced a loss of membrane-associated B2R-GFP fluorescence and apparent translocation into ill-defined cytosolic structures (Figure 4). These effects and their kinetics were also different from those of the agonist BK, which could rapidly internalize fluorescent receptors under the forms of vesicles or of ill-defined intracellular structures (Figure 4). Finally, BK or the peptide antagonists translocated a fraction of the immunoreactive B2R-GFP to a dense cellular fraction containing endosomes and lysosomes (Figure 5B),13 consistent with the recent finding of agonist-induced redistribution of B2Rs into caveolae17 and internalization.12 Again, LF 16.0687 was not active in this respect, consistent with the fact that functional receptors were recovered when this drug was washed away (Figure 1 and Figure 2C).
Previous evidence of icatibant-induced B2R depletion obtained from the receptor immunohistochemistry in tissues from rabbits treated with this drug10 is not entirely consistent with the peptide-induced subcellular redistribution without significant destruction of B2R-GFP, as assessed by our immunoblot data (Figure 5A). The discrepancy may originate from a loss of immunoreactivity of the internalized B2R in rabbit tissues or from a saturation of the receptor breakdown mechanisms in HEK 293 cells expressing B2R-GFP at high levels. Heterologously expressed B2R-GFP is a suitable system to test various hypotheses about the mechanism of antagonist-induced sequestration, which may involve a partial agonist behavior of icatibant or NPC 17731 (although not detected in any of the functional assays applied), phosphorylation and internalization pathways common to those recruited by agonists,12 or a different and novel mechanism. NPC 17731 may be less effective than icatibant in this respect (Figure 5B).
Perhaps related to the present observations, by using anti-icatibant antibodies, Vio et al18 have shown the internalization and cytosolic distribution of icatibant in the distal nephron epithelium after a single intravenous injection of the drugs to rats. This distal epithelium is particularly rich in B2Rs, and the authors have suggested that a form of receptor-mediated antagonist uptake was occurring. The importance of antagonist-induced receptor inactivation in pharmacotherapy is not clear, nor whether other pharmacological antagonists binding with low reversibility can stimulate receptor sequestration. However, it is interesting to note that virtually all the angiotensin AT1-receptor antagonists in clinical use (or their active metabolites) exert to variable degrees the nonequilibrium, insurmountable antagonism.19 As for B2R antagonists in the live rabbit, icatibant was superior in potency to any other tested reversible antagonists in hemodynamic tests in a recent study, even when these alternate antagonists were more potent than icatibant in vitro.20
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada (grant MOP-14077). Jean-François Larrivée was the recipient of a Studentship from the FCAR-FRSQ program, Quebec, and Dimcho R. Bachvarov of a Scholarship from FRSQ. We thank Dr E.K. Dziadulewicz (Novartis Institute for Medical Research, London, UK) and D. Pruneau (Laboratoires Fournier, Daix, France) for useful discussions and the gifts of drugs.
Received September 3, 1999; first decision October 21, 1999; accepted January 14, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
-
Groves P, Kurz S, Just H, Drexler H. Role of
endogenous bradykinin in human coronary vasomotor
control. Circulation. 1995;92:3424–3430.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Loveland A, King DJ, Brown NJ.
Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to
angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in
normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J
Med. 1998;339:1285–1292.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Rhaleb NE, Telemaque S, Rouissi N, Dion S, Jukic D,
Drapeau G, Regoli D. Structure-activity studies of bradykinin and
related peptides. B2-receptor
antagonists. Hypertension. 1991;17:107–115.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hock FJ, Wirth KJ, Albus U, Linz W, Gerhards HJ, Wiemer G, Henke S, Breipohl G, König W, Knolle J, Schölkens BA. Hoe 140 a new potent and long acting bradykinin-antagonist: in vitro studies. Br J Pharmacol. 1991;102:769–773.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Altamura M, Meini S, Quartara L, Maggi CA. Nonpeptide antagonists for kinin receptors. Regul Peptides. 1999;17:13–26.
- Pruneau D, Paquet JL, Luccarini JM, Defrêne E, Fouchet C, Franck RM, Loillier B, Robert C, Bélichard P, Duclos H, Cremers B, Dodey P. Pharmacological profile of LF 16–0687, a new potent non peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Immunopharmacology. 1999;43:187–194.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Rhaleb NE, Rouissi N, Jukic D, Regoli D, Henke S, Breipohl G, Knolle J. Pharmacological characterization of a new highly potent B2 receptor antagonist (HOE 140; D-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]bradykinin). Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;210:115–120.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Marceau F, Levesque L, Drapeau G, Rioux F, Salvino JM,
Wolfe HR, Seoane PR, Sawutz DG. Effects of peptide and nonpeptide
antagonists of bradykinin B2
receptors on the venoconstrictor action of bradykinin. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;269:1136–1143.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Bachvarov DR, Saint-Jacques E, Larrivée JF,
Levesque L, Rioux F, Drapeau G, Marceau F. Cloning and pharmacological
characterization of the rabbit bradykinin B2
receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;275:1623–1630.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Marceau F, Larrivée JF, Bouthillier J, Bachvarova
M, Houle S, Bachvarov DR. Effect of endogenous kinins,
prostanoids and nitric oxide on kinin B1 and
B2 receptor expression in the rabbit.
Am J Physiol. 1999;277:R1568–R1578.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Trifilieff A, Amrani Y, Landry Y, Gies JP. Comparative action of new highly potent bradykinin receptor antagonists in the guinea-pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993;239:227–229.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Pizard A, Blaukat A, Müller-Esterl W,
Alhenc-Gelas F, Rajerison RM. Bradykinin-induced internalization of the
human B2 receptor requires phosphorylation of 3 serine
and 2 threonine residues at its carboxyl tail. J Biol
Chem. 1999;274:12738–12747.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P. Darnell J. Molecular Cell Biology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Scientific American Books; 1995.
-
Rizzi A, Gobeil F, Calo G, Inamura N, Regoli D. FR
173657: a new, potent, nonpeptide kinin B2
receptor antagonist: an in vitro study.
Hypertension. 1997;29:951–956.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Dziadulewicz EK, Brown MC, Dunstan AR, Lee W, Said NB, Garratt PJ. The design of non-peptide human bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist employing the benzodiazepine peptidomimetic scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999;9:463–468.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Barak LS, Ferguson SS, Zhang J, Martenson C, Meyer T,
Caron MG. Internal trafficking and surface mobility of a functionally
intact ß2-adrenergic receptor-green
fluorescent protein conjugate. Mol Pharmacol. 1997;51:177–184.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Haasemann M, Cartaud J, Müller-Esterl W, Dunia I. Agonist-induced redistribution of bradykinin B2 receptor in caveolae. J Cell Sci. 1998;111:917–928.[Abstract]
- Vio CP, Velarde V, Müller-Esterl W. Cellular distribution and fate of the bradykinin antagonist HOE 140 in the rat kidney: colocalization with the bradykinin B2 receptor. Immunopharmacology. 1996;33:146–150.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Vanderheyden PML, Fierens FLP, De Backer JP, Fraeyman N, Vauquelin G. Distinction between surmountable and insurmountable selective AT1 receptor antagonists by use of CHO-K1 cells expressing human angiotensin II AT1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:1057–1065.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Gobeil F, Charland S, Filteau C, Perron SI, Neugebauer
W, Regoli D. Kinin B1 receptor
antagonists containing -methyl-L-phenylalanine: in vitro
and in vivo antagonist activities. Hypertension. 1999;33:823–829.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M.-T. Bawolak, L. Gera, G. Morissette, J. M. Stewart, and F. Marceau B-9972 (D-Arg-[Hyp3,Igl5,Oic7,Igl8]-bradykinin) Is an Inactivation-Resistant Agonist of the Bradykinin B2 Receptor Derived from the Peptide Antagonist B-9430 (D-Arg-[Hyp3,Igl5,D-Igl7,Oic8]-bradykinin): Pharmacologic Profile and Effective Induction of Receptor Degradation J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2007; 323(2): 534 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Moreau, M.-T. Bawolak, G. Morissette, A. Adam, and F. Marceau Role of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B and Protein Kinase C Signaling in the Expression of the Kinin B1 Receptor in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2007; 71(3): 949 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Fortin, E. K. Dziadulewicz, L. Gera, and F. Marceau A Nonpeptide Antagonist Reveals a Highly Glycosylated State of the Rabbit Kinin B1 Receptor Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2006; 69(4): 1146 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. F. Leeb-Lundberg, F. Marceau, W. Muller-Esterl, D. J. Pettibone, and B. L. Zuraw International Union of Pharmacology. XLV. Classification of the Kinin Receptor Family: from Molecular Mechanisms to Pathophysiological Consequences Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2005; 57(1): 27 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Morissette, J.-P. Fortin, S. Otis, J. Bouthillier, and F. Marceau A Novel Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Kinin B1 Receptor: Effects at the Rabbit Receptor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2004; 311(3): 1121 - 1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Fortin, J. Bouthillier, and F. Marceau High agonist-independent clearance of rabbit kinin B1 receptors in cultured cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1647 - H1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Houle, G. Molinaro, A. Adam, and F. Marceau Tissue Kallikrein Actions at the Rabbit Natural or Recombinant Kinin B2 Receptors Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 611 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sabourin, L. Bastien, D. R. Bachvarov, and F. Marceau Agonist-Induced Translocation of the Kinin B1 Receptor to Caveolae-Related Rafts Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2002; 61(3): 546 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Bachvarov, S. Houle, M. Bachvarova, J. Bouthillier, A. Adam, and F. Marceau Bradykinin B2 Receptor Endocytosis, Recycling, and Down-Regulation Assessed Using Green Fluorescent Protein Conjugates J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2001; 297(1): 19 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||