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(Hypertension. 2001;37:275.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Renal Endothelin ETA/ETB Receptor Imbalance Differentiates Salt-Sensitive From Salt-Resistant Spontaneous Hypertension
From the Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (L.R., S.L., P.K., M.P., R.K.), Medizinische Klinik IV Nephrologie (R.K.), Benjamin Franklin Hospital, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Correspondence to PD Dr Reinhold Kreutz, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Benjamin Franklin Klinikum, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany. E-mail Kreutz{at}medizin.fu-berlin.de Dr Rothermund’s present address is Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie der Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract |
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It is unclear why a subgroup of patients with essential hypertension develop salt-sensitive hypertension with progression of target organ damage over time. We evaluated the role of the renal endothelin (ET) system in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) model of salt-sensitive spontaneous hypertension (SS-SH) compared with the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of salt-resistant spontaneous hypertension (SR-SH). Both strains were studied after either sham-operation on a normal diet (Sham) or after unilateral nephrectomy and high NaCl loading (NX-NaCl) with 4% NaCl in diet for 6 weeks (n=10, respectively). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased only in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham (250±6 versus 172±5 mm Hg, P<0.0001). SBP remained unchanged in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham. In SHRSP-NX-NaCl animals, urinary albumin and ET-1 excretion, renal ET-1 mRNA expression, glomerulosclerosis index, and tubulointerstitial damage index were elevated compared with SHRSP-Sham (P<0.05, respectively), whereas no significant changes were found in SHR after NX-NaCl. Urinary sodium excretion (UNa+) was significantly reduced by 38% in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.005, respectively). SHR animals showed a similar increase in both renal ETA and ETB receptor densities after NX-NaCl (2.2-fold, P<0.05). In contrast, SHRSP-NX-NaCl developed a significantly more pronounced increase in ETA compared with ETB binding (4.7-fold versus 2.4-fold, P<0.05, compared with SHRSP-Sham, respectively), resulting in a significant 2.1-fold increase in ETA/ETB receptor ratio only in the SHRSP-NX-NaCl (P<0.05). Thus, activation of the renal ET system together with an increased ETA/ETB receptor ratio may contribute to the development and progression of SS-SH.
Key Words: sodium • hypertension, sodium-dependent • endothelin • receptors, endothelin • rats, spontaneously hypertensive • rats, stroke-prone SHR
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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There are abundant experimental data indicating that the endothelin (ET) system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension and the hypertensive target organ damage in this disease.1 2 This evidence has been in large part derived from experimental rat models in either deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension3 or the genetic Dahl4 and Sabra salt-sensitive5 hypertensive rat models. It is unclear, however, whether the activation of the renal ET system is also of significance during the progression from spontaneous hypertension to salt-sensitive spontaneous hypertension (SS-SH) with more severe target organ disease. In particular, the relative contributions of the renal ET receptor subtypes to the development and progression of spontaneous hypertension toward SS-SH are largely unknown. Most studies did not investigate the regulation of ET receptor subtypes in the kidney through the direct determination of receptor density and affinity but rather draw indirect conclusions from the application of selective or unselective ET receptor antagonists. Recently, Orth et al6 reported on a striking salutary effect of chronic ETA receptor blockade with complete normalization of kidney damage in uninephrectomized stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) after high-salt diet. Interestingly, this finding was independent of an antihypertensive effect of the compound. However, this study lacks any further analysis of the renal ET system, including ETA and ETB receptor regulation in the SHRSP model studied.
In the present study, we set out to investigate the renal regulation of the ET system and the specific contribution of renal ET receptor subtype density and affinity in our SHRSP model of SS-SH compared with a model of salt-resistant spontaneous hypertension (SR-SH) represented by the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We studied the SHR and SHRSP strains after either sham operation on a normal diet or after unilateral nephrectomy on a high-NaCl diet, respectively.
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Methods |
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Animals and Experimental Design
Male SHR/Fub and SHRSP/Fub rats were obtained from our colony at the Freie Universität Berlin (Fub), Benjamin Franklin Hospital. Animals were housed with constant room temperature (21°C) and humidity (75%) under a controlled light-dark cycle. At the age of 6 weeks, animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n=10 each): SHR and SHRSP rats were fed a normal diet (0.2% NaCl) and underwent a sham-operation (Sham) or were fed a high-salt diet (4% NaCl, ssniff Spezialdiäten GmbH) and underwent uninephrectomy (NX-NaCl). Normal tap water was available ad libitum. For sham operation or NX, each animal was anesthetized with ether inhalation, and a left nephrectomy was performed via a retroperitoneal incision. Blood samples as well as 24-hour urine samples were taken in week 6 after surgery. Thereafter, animals were killed during ether anesthesia, and the kidney was rapidly excised, rinsed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, blotted dry, and weighed. A midcoronal section of the right kidney was immersed in Dubosq-Brasil solution and embedded in paraffin for histological studies. The remaining renal tissue was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until further analysis.
Blood Pressure Measurement
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined
in awake rats at the age of 12 weeks using a tail cuff and pressure
transducer in conjunction with a computerized pressure delivery and
chart recording system (TSE Biosystems
GmbH).
Urine and Biochemical Analysis
After completion of the blood pressure measurements,
animals were placed in metabolic cages for 1 day for
adaptation. The next day, 24-hour urine samples were collected for
determination of urinary protein excretion (Up),
albumin excretion (Ualb), and sodium
excretion (UNa+).
UP was measured according to Bradford’s method,
and Ualb was determined by ELISA with a rat
specific antibody (ICN Biomedicals). Creatinine and sodium
concentrations were measured with standard
techniques.
Determination of Urine ET-1
Concentration
A commercially available enzyme immunoassay for ET-1,
suitable for direct measurement of ET-1 in urine samples, was carried
out according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Immundiagnostik
GmbH).
Binding Assays for ETA
and ETB Receptors
To analyze the renal expression of both known
ET receptor subtypes (ETA and
ETB), binding assays were performed in the
presence or absence of the subtype-specific ET receptor ligands as
described in detail
previously.7
Northern Blotting
The mRNA expression level of ET-1 and ET-converting
enzyme-1 (ECE-1) was determined by Northern blot analysis as
described in detail
elsewhere.8 A cDNA fragment
for ECE-1 was amplified by RT-PCR from a 3' portion of the rat cDNA
between nucleotides 949 and 1678 (GenBank accession No.
D2963); all known isoforms of ECE-1 were detected by Northern
blot analysis.
Morphological Investigation of the
Kidney
After the samples were embedded in paraffin, they
were cut into 3-µm sections and stained with periodic
acid–Schiff’s, followed by hematoxylin counterstaining.
Glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) was assessed
with a semiquantitative scoring method as described
previously9 at a
magnification of x200. Tubulointerstitial changes
such as tubular atrophy, dilation, casts, interstitial
inflammation, and fibrosis were determined as a
tubulointerstitial damage index (TDI) with a
semiquantitative scoring system previously
reported10 on periodic
acid–Schiff’s–stained sections at a magnification of x100. Twenty
fields per kidney were examined, and the above-mentioned lesions were
graded as grade 0, no changes; grade 1, lesion involving <25%; grade
2, lesion affecting 25% to 50%; and grade 3, lesion involving >50%
of the field. The resulting index in each animal was expressed as the
mean value of all scores obtained. All parameters were
assessed independently by 2 investigators in a blinded
manner.
Statistical Analysis
All data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical
analysis was performed using 2-way ANOVA followed by
Bonferroni’s adjustment and by Mann-Whitney
U test. Differences were
considered significant at the level of
P<0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Body Weight, Kidney Weight, and Creatinine Clearance
The data for body weight (BW), normalized kidney weight (K/BW), and creatinine clearance (Ccrea) are presented in Table 1. BW was significantly lower in the SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and SHR-NX-NaCl. K/BW was higher in SHRSP-Sham than SHR-Sham, increased in both strains after NX-NaCl, and was higher in SHRSP-NX-NaCl than in SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.05, respectively). Ccrea was significantly decreased in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.05, respectively).
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Blood Pressure
SBP is shown in
Figure 1. We observed no significant difference in SBP
between SHR-Sham and SHRSP-Sham. SBP was not elevated in SHR-NX-NaCl
compared with SHR-Sham. In contrast, SBP was significantly increased in
SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham or SHR-NX-NaCl
(P<0.0001,
respectively).
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Sodium and Volume Excretion
The data for
UNa+, urinary volume
excretion (UV), and urinary
Na+ concentration are presented in
Figure 1.
UNa+ increased
9.1-fold in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham and 6.8.-fold in
SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham
(P<0.0001, respectively).
However, sodium excretion was significantly lower in SHRSP-NX-NaCl than
in SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.005).
UV increased 4.0-fold in SHR-NX-NaCl compared
with SHR-Sham (P<0.01) and
7.8-fold in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham
(P<0.0001). Thus, urinary
Na+ concentration was significantly elevated
in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham and SHRSP-NX-NaCl
(P<0.001, respectively) but
remained unchanged in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with
SHRSP-Sham.
Proteinuria, Albuminuria, and
Urinary ET-1 Excretion
The data for UP,
Ualb, and urinary ET-1 excretion
(UET-1) are presented in
Figure 2. Up and
Ualb did not differ between SHR-Sham and
SHRSP-Sham and did not change in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham.
However, a significant increase in both parameters was
observed in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and compared with
SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.0001,
respectively).
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UET-1 was unchanged in SHR-Sham compared with SHRSP-Sham and did not differ in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham. A significant increase in UET-1 was observed in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and compared with SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.0001, respectively).
Expression of PreproET-1 and ECE-1 mRNA
We observed no significant difference in kidney mRNA
expression of preproET-1 between SHR-Sham and SHRSP-Sham. PreproET-1
expression did not change in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham but was
significantly elevated in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and
with SHR-NX-NaCl (2.2±0.47 versus 0.09±0.10 and 1.03±0.13,
respectively; P<0.05).
Overall, no significant differences were detected for renal ECE-1 mRNA
levels (data not shown).
ETA and
ETB Receptor Binding
The data for kidney ET receptor binding are
presented in
Figure 3. Kidney ETA receptor density
increased in SHR-NX-NaCl and SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham and
SHRSP-Sham (P<0.0001,
respectively). The increase in ETA receptor
density was significantly more pronounced in SHRSP-NX-NaCl than in
SHR-NX-NaCl (P=0.003). No
significant difference in ETA receptor affinity
was observed between the 2 strains or in response to the treatment
protocol
(Table 2).
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Kidney ETB receptor density increased similarly in both SHR-NX-NaCl and SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham and SHRSP-Sham (P<0.05, respectively). In contrast to ETA receptor density, no interstrain difference in ETB receptor density was detected. However, ETB receptor affinity was significantly reduced in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham and SHR-NX-NaCl (Table 2, P<0.05). We observed no significant difference in kidney ETA/ETB receptor ratio between SHR-Sham and SHRSP-Sham. ETA/ETB receptor ratio was not elevated in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham. In contrast, ETA/ETB receptor ratio was significantly increased in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHRSP-Sham as well as with SHR-NX-NaCl (P<0.01, respectively).
Glomerulosclerosis and
Tubulointerstitial Damage Indices
The GSI and TDI data are shown in
Figure 4. GSI and TDI did not differ between SHR-Sham and
SHRSP-Sham and were unchanged in SHR-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-Sham.
GSI as well as TDI were significantly increased in SHRSP-NX-NaCl
compared with SHR-NX-NaCl
(P<0.01 and
P<0.0001,
respectively).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The main question of the present study was whether an activated renal ET system contributes to the development and progression of SS-SH compared with SR-SH.
We demonstrated that the renal ET system is indeed activated in our SHRSP model of SS-SH after unilateral nephrectomy and high-NaCl dietary exposure. Unlike the SHR model of SR-SH, SHRSP-NX-NaCl animals develop severe hypertension and kidney damage. We show that an important maladaptive functional change in the progression of hypertensive kidney damage in SS-SH is the manifestation of reduced UNa+ in SHRSP-NX-NaCl. SS-SH and renal failure in the SHRSP-NX-NaCl model is characterized by an increased renal ETA/ETB receptor ratio.
Development of SS-SH and Kidney Damage
The observed development of decreased
Ccrea together with marked elevation of
glomerulosclerosis and
tubulointerstitial damage in SHRSP-NX-NaCl is in
agreement with a recent study that reports similar findings in another
SHRSP strain.6 In addition,
we observed a significant elevation in Up and
Ualb, indicating manifestation of renal damage
in SHRSP-NX-NaCl. In contrast, no increase in SBP or any significant
changes in Ccrea, GSI, TDI,
UP, or Ualb were observed
in SHR-NX-NaCl. These findings clearly demonstrate that the SHRSP
strain represents a model of SS-SH that is highly susceptible
to progression of its spontaneous hypertension toward severe
hypertension in response to dietary salt excess, unlike the SHR strain,
which maintains the SR-SH phenotype even after unilateral
nephrectomy.
Activation of the Renal ET System
In SHR-NX-NaCl, we observed no activation of the
ET-system, whereas renal preproET-1 mRNA expression and
UET-1 were significantly increased in
SHRSP-NX-NaCl animals. Thus, the development of SS-SH and renal damage
in SHRSP-NX-NaCl seems to be closely related to activation of the renal
ET system. Similar findings were reported at the protein level in
salt-sensitive hypertensive Dahl rats with increased vascular and renal
ET-1 content11 and in a rat
model of progressive renal
failure,12 in which renal
preproET-1 gene expression and production of ET-1 were
increased and correlated with progression of renal
insufficiency.13 Because we
investigated only a single time point (6 weeks after nephrectomy and
high-sodium diet), it is difficult to distinguish the effect of high
blood pressure from activation of the renal ET system on development of
renal damage in our experiment. Nevertheless, Orth and
coworkers6 clearly
demonstrated in their work that the nephroprotective effect of
selective ETA receptor blockade in the
SHRSP-NX-NaCl model was independent of high blood pressure, which led
to the conclusions that ET plays a crucial role in progressive renal
injury and that the progression-promoting effects are mainly mediated
via the ETA receptor.
ECE-1 gene expression was not altered by NX-NaCl in SHR or SHRSP, suggesting that the regulation of ECE-1, at least at the mRNA level, is not relevant for the development of SS-SH and renal damage in the SHRSP-NX-NaCl model. ETA and ETB receptor densities were higher in both SHR and SHRSP after NX-NaCl compared with untreated controls. This indicates that ET receptor expression is not a secondary effect due to organ damage but rather an indicator for counterregulatory processes in response to NX-NaCl treatment.
Specific Role of
ETA/ETB Receptor
Balance
In the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat model, some
experimental evidence indicates that the ETB
receptor may serve to maintain lower arterial
pressure,14 a finding that
was confirmed with enhanced blood pressure sensitivity to DOCA-salt
treatment in ETB receptor–deficient
rats.15 More recently, data
obtained from ETB receptor–deficient mice and
rats unambiguously demonstrated a hypertensive phenotype only
after salt loading in ETB receptor–deficient
animals.16 17
This form of hypertension was completely ameliorated by amiloride, a
highly selective inhibitor of the epithelial sodium channel
(ENaC) in the distal
nephron.16 17 The
most likely explanation for these findings is derived from previous
elegant in vitro studies in distal nephron cells showing that ET-1 is
capable of either inhibiting ENaC via the ETB
receptor or stimulating ENaC via the ETA
receptor.18
In the present study, the SHR model of SR-SH showed a similar increase in both renal ETA and ETB receptor densities after NX-NaCl treatment and thereby maintains its ETA/ETB receptor ratio constant. In contrast, SHRSP-NX-NaCl animals exhibited a significantly more pronounced increase in ETA compared with ETB binding, which resulted in a significant increase of ETA/ETB receptor ratio in this model of SS-SH. The relevance of this finding may be further amplified by a reduced ETB receptor affinity observed only in SHRSP-NX-NaCl animals. Our data therefore suggest a role for the increased ETA/ETB receptor ratio in combination with the reduced ETB receptor affinity in the pathogenesis of SS-SH and renal damage. Moreover, these data could, at least in part, explain the strong nephroprotective effect of selective ETA receptor blockade in another SHRSP-NX-NaCl model reported previously.6 Finally, increased renal ET-1 levels, as indicated by higher renal ET-1 mRNA expression and urinary ET-1 excretion in our SHRSP-NX-NaCl model, may therefore stimulate sodium reabsorption by ENaC via the increased renal ETA/ETB receptor ratio. Although it is well established that the nephron represents a major site for intrarenal ET-1 production and ET-1 binding,19 we cannot deduce from the current set of experiments where the induction of renal ET-1 and ETA receptor occurred in the SHRSP-NX-NaCl model. However, the observation that both renal Na+ excretion and urinary Na+ concentration were significantly reduced in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SHR-NX-NaCl favors the potential relevance of the increased ET-1 expression and ETA/ETB receptor imbalance for the impairment of renal Na+ handling in SHRSP-NX-NaCl.
We therefore conclude that activation of the renal ET system in conjunction with an increased ETA/ETB receptor ratio contributes to decreased UNa+ and to higher susceptibility to the development of SS-SH and kidney damage in SHRSP-NX-NaCl compared with SR-SS in the SHR-NX-NaCl model. A possible mechanism is impairment of UNa+ via the stimulation of ENaC. Whether this unfavorable imbalance of renal ETA/ETB receptor ratio may also be involved in the progression of salt-sensitive hypertension in other experimental models and ultimately in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension remains to be investigated. The evaluation of this question appears of major clinical interest in face of the currently high prevalence of salt-sensitive hypertension and its impact on the development of end-stage renal disease. In this regard, ETA receptor antagonism may become a promising new approach in the pharmacological treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by the Forschungsschwerpunkt Kardiovaskuläre Medizin (Dr Kreutz) of the Benjamin Franklin Hospital and the Verbund Klinische Pharmakologie Berlin-Brandenburg.
Received May 15, 2000; first decision June 26, 2000; accepted August 14, 2000.
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 A.-K. Siegel, M. Planert, S. Rademacher, A. P. Mehr, P. Kossmehl, M. Wehland, M. Stoll, and R. Kreutz Genetic Loci Contribute to the Progression of Vascular and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Salt-Sensitive Spontaneous Hypertension Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2003; 23(7): 1211 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schulz, A. Litfin, P. Kossmehl, and R. Kreutz Genetic Dissection of Increased Urinary Albumin Excretion in the Munich Wistar Fromter Rat J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2002; 13(11): 2706 - 2714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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