(Hypertension. 2001;37:490.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Regression of Renal Vascular Fibrosis by Endothelin Receptor Antagonism
From INSERM U.489, Hôpital Tenon (J.-J.B., P.-L.T., C.C.); and AP-HP, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine St Antoine (J.-C.D.), Paris, France.
Correspondence to Christos Chatziantoniou, INSERM U.489, Hôpital Tenon, Paris 75020, France. E-mail christos.chatziantoniou{at}tnn.ap-hop-paris.fr
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In previous studies, we have observed that endothelin participates in the progression of renal vascular and glomerular fibrosis during hypertension by activating collagen I gene synthesis. The present study investigated whether administration of endothelin receptor antagonists leads to the regression of renal sclerotic lesions. Experiments were performed in transgenic mice harboring the luciferase gene under the control of the collagen I-
2
chain promoter. Hypertension was induced by long-term inhibition of
nitric oxide synthesis by
NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester (L-NAME); systolic pressure gradually increased,
reaching a plateau of 165 mm Hg after 10 weeks of hypertensive
treatment. At the same time, collagen I gene expression was increased
2- and 5-fold compared with control animals in afferent arterioles and
glomeruli, respectively
(P<0.01). This increase was
accompanied by the appearance of sclerotic lesions within the renal
vasculature. When renal vascular lesions had been established (20 weeks
of L-NAME), animals were divided into 2 subgroups: the one continued to
receive L-NAME, whereas in the other, bosentan, a dual endothelin
antagonist, was coadministered with L-NAME for an
additional period of 10 weeks. Bosentan coadministration did not alter
the increased systolic pressure at 30 weeks; in contrast,
collagen I gene activity returned almost to control levels in renal
vessels and glomeruli. In this subgroup of animals, renal vascular
lesions (collagen and/or extracellular matrix deposition) and mortality
rates were substantially reduced compared with untreated mice. These
data indicate that endothelin participates in the mechanism(s) of renal
vascular fibrosis by activating collagen I gene. Treatment with an
endothelin antagonist normalizes expression of collagen I
gene and leads to the regression of renal vascular fibrosis and to the
improvement of survival, thus providing a complementary curative
approach against renal fibrotic complications associated with
hypertension.
Key Words: hypertension, essential • nephrosclerosis • collagen • extracellular matrix • endothelin
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Development of renal sclerotic lesions is one of the most common complications of hypertension.1 This pathophysiological process is associated with changes in the structure of renal vasculature caused by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (mainly collagen type I) in renal resistance vessels, glomeruli, and interstitium.2
Several recent studies indicated that endothelial vasoactive agents such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin could be involved in the development of renal fibrosis. NO is an important inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell growth and extracellular matrix synthesis in vitro and in vivo,3 4 whereas chronic inhibition of NO synthesis is accompanied by renal vascular fibrosis.5 6 On the other hand, endothelin is a potent mitogenic agent in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells,7 8 and endothelin antagonism is accompanied by prevention of vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis in several forms of experimental hypertension such as the DOCA-salt, angiotensin (Ang) II, or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) models.9 10 11
In previous studies, we investigated the role of NO and
endothelin in the initiation and development of renal vascular fibrosis
using a new strain of transgenic
mice.12 These mice express
the luciferase reporter gene under the control of the promoter of the
2 chain of collagen I gene
[procol2(I)]13 ; the
observation that luciferase and collagen I gene expression are closely
correlated from the fetal development stage throughout the adult life
under normal and/or pathological
conditions12 13 14
makes this transgenic strain a model well adapted to studying the
mechanisms whereby collagen I gene is activated, such as renal
vascular and glomerular fibrosis. Using this model, we have
found that the balance between NO and endothelin is a key factor for
the control of collagen I gene expression in vivo: When
endogenous NO is inhibited, endothelin synthesis is
increased locally within renal vessels, and this increase plays a major
role in activating collagen I gene expression, which ultimately leads
to the development of renal vascular
fibrosis.12
Little is known about the mechanisms maintaining renal vascular fibrosis. In the present studies, we pursued the interaction between endothelin, collagen I, and renal fibrosis by examining whether endothelin participates in the mechanism(s) controlling collagen I gene activation after sclerotic lesions had been established within the renal vasculature, and if so, whether the use of endothelin receptor antagonists could have curative implications by alleviating renal vascular fibrosis. Our findings imply an important role for endothelin in the control of extracellular matrix formation in the renal vasculature in the NO-deficiency model of hypertension. Endothelin receptor antagonism inhibits activation of collagen I gene and participates in the regression of vascular and glomerular fibrosis.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Animal Treatment
Male transgenic mice weighing 25 to 35 g (3 to 8 months old) at the time of the experiments were maintained on a normal salt diet. Animals had free access to chow and tap water. This transgenic line, named pGB 19.5/13.5, was generated in the laboratory of B. de Crombrugghe (University of Texas, Houston).13 These animals harbor a construction containing the sequences -19.5 to -13.5 kb and -350 to +54 bp of the promoter of the
2 chain of mouse
collagen type I gene linked to 2 reporter genes, the firefly luciferase
and the Escherichia coli
ß-galactosidase. The choice of these mice was based on previous
studies showing that the expression pattern of the two reporter genes
in embryos and adult animals closely correlates with cell and tissue
distribution of collagen
I.12 13 14 NO synthesis was inhibited by administrating L-NAME, an NO synthase inhibitor (20 mg/kg per day). We have previously found that this dose produced a gradual elevation of blood pressure accompanied by the appearance of glomerular and renal vascular lesions after 10 to 12 weeks of treatment.12 After 20 weeks of L-NAME treatment (when lesions appeared to reach >80% of glomeruli), mice were divided into 2 subgroups: The first continued to receive L-NAME, whereas in the second, bosentan (20 mg/kg per day), a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, was coadministered with L-NAME for an additional period of 10 weeks. Twenty to 25 mice were used per experimental condition. The choice of the doses for L-NAME and bosentan was based on our previous results.12 The animal treatment was in compliance with the European Union guidelines for animal care and protection.
Isolation of Afferent Arterioles and
Glomeruli
The technique to isolate afferent arterioles and
glomeruli from the transgenic mouse kidney was similar to that
previously described.12 In
mice anesthetized with pentobarbital, a midline abdominal
incision was made, and the abdominal aorta was cannulated (Surflo 24G
catheter, Terumo) below the renal arteries. The aorta above the kidney
was ligated, the left renal vein was cut, and kidneys were perfused
with ice-cold isotonic saline solution until all blood had been
removed. Thereafter, the kidneys were perfused with a magnetized iron
oxide suspension (1%
Fe3O4 in isotonic
saline). All subsequent steps of isolation were performed at 4°C. The
kidneys were removed and decapsulated, and the cortex was dissected
from the medulla. The cortical tissue was homogenized with
a Polytron homogenizer, and the iron oxide–loaded
tissues (renal vessels and glomeruli) were removed from the crude
homogenate with the aid of a magnet. Afferent arterioles
were separated from larger vessels and glomeruli by repetitive passages
through needles and sieves of decreasing diameter sizes (23 to 26 gauge
and 75 to 25 µm, respectively). The microvessels were recovered from
the top of the 50-µm sieve and the glomeruli from that of the 25-µm
sieve. To determine if parts of afferent arterioles stayed attached to
glomeruli during the separation process, glomeruli were examined under
light microscopy. Only a minor part of isolated glomeruli (<3%) had
an attached portion of their afferent arteriole. Vascular preparations
containing >90% of afferent arterioles or glomeruli were retained for
luciferase activity measurements. Kidneys from 4 mice were used to
isolate afferent arterioles and glomeruli for each
experiment.
Luciferase Activity Assay
Luciferase activity was measured with a commercial
reporter gene assay kit (Boehringer Mannheim). Tissues were
frozen immediately after removal, and 500 µL of lysis buffer
containing 0.1 mol/L
KH2PO4/K2HPO4
(pH 7.8) and 1 mmol/L
dl-dithiothreitol was added in
each sample. Tissues were homogenized with a Polytron
homogenizer, and cells were lysed by 3
freezing-defreezing cycles. Thereafter, samples were
centrifuged at
12 ,000g for 15 minutes, and
luciferase activity was measured in 50 µL of supernatant with a
Lumat LB 9507 luminometer (EG & Berthold). The protein content
was estimated in pellets according to Bradford’s method. Results are
expressed as luciferase Light Units per microgram of protein (LU/µg).
In preliminary experiments, we verified that this luminometer has a
linear range when assessing luciferase activity up to
107 LU.
Measurement of Blood Pressure
Systolic blood pressure was measured by the
tail-cuff method adapted to the mouse as previously
described.12 Briefly, a
piezoelectric sensor (Sensonor 840-01) connected to a carrier amplifier
(Kent 2) was used to detect and convert heart pulses to electric
signals. The outputs of the pressure transducer were interfaced to a
data acquisition system composed of a Power PC Macintosh 4400/200
computer and a MacLab/4s 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (AD
Instruments), allowing sampling at 40 000 samples per second. Pressure
recording was analyzed with the chart module of the
MacLab software.
To avoid variations in blood pressure caused by day cycle, all measurements were carried out between 9 and 11 AM. Animals were accustomed for several days before measurements were made. Eight measurements from each mouse were taken at 2-minute intervals, and a mean value was determined.
Renal Histology
Kidneys from at least 4 mice from each group were
immersed in Dubosq solution. After fixation, 2 to 3 cortical slices of
each kidney were embedded in paraffin after conventional processing
(alcohol dehydration), and 3-µm-thick sections were stained with
Sirius red or Masson’s trichromic solution for staining of collagens
or extracellular matrix proteins, respectively.
Morphological Evaluation
Sections of kidneys were examined on a blinded basis
for the level of glomerular sclerosis and microvascular
injury with the 0 to 4+ injury scale, as previously
described.12 Injury scale 0
means no exaggerated extracellular matrix deposition in glomeruli; 1+,
2+, 3+, and 4+ correspond to 1% to 25%, 26% to 50%, 51% to 75%,
and 76% to 100% of increased extracellular matrix deposition per
glomeruli, respectively. The sclerotic index was considered to be equal
to the sum 1xA+2xB+3xC+4xD, where A, B, C, and D represent
the part of glomeruli belonging to classes 1 to 4, respectively.
Twenty-five to 30 samples (at least 20 glomeruli per sample) were
studied in each group.
Statistical Methods
Statistical analyses were performed with
ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected least-significance difference
test of the Statview software package. Results with values of
P<0.05 were considered
statistically significant. All values are
mean±SEM.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Effect of L-NAME Treatment on procol
2(I)
Gene ActivationIn agreement with our previous results, systolic blood pressure rose after 6 weeks of L-NAME treatment (130±2 versus 118±2 mm Hg, P<0.01, Figure 1). Systolic pressure continued to rise with increasing duration of L-NAME treatment and reached a plateau around 160 to 170 mm Hg between 10 and 30 weeks of treatment (Figure 1). Inhibition of NO synthesis increased luciferase activity in the renal vasculature before the onset of blood pressure increase. Isolated glomeruli displayed a 2-fold increase of luciferase activity after 4 weeks of L-NAME treatment (38±3 versus 20±2 LU/µg, P<0.05). The L-NAME–induced activation of procol
2(I) gene progressed with time (104±9 LU/µg
at 10 weeks, P<0.01) and
reached a 7-fold increase after 20 weeks (148±11 LU/µg),
P<0.001,
Figure 2). Luciferase activity showed a similar pattern of
increase in afferent arterioles and renal cortical slices
(Figure 2); in afferent arterioles, for instance, luciferase
activity started increasing after 4 weeks of L-NAME treatment (212±12
versus 259±10 LU/µg, for control and 4 weeks, respectively,
P<0.05) and reached a 2- to
3-fold increase at 20 weeks (516±14 LU/µg,
P<0.01,
Figure 2). In agreement with our previous
results,12 L-NAME treatment
did not change procola2(I) gene expression in the two control
(nonvascular but rich in collagen type I) tissues, tail,, and skin
(data not shown). In addition, as previously found, luciferase
expression did not change with age (at least between 2 to 8 months)
under control conditions in all tested
tissues.12
|
|
Effect of L-NAME Treatment on Collagen and
Extracellular Matrix Formation
Early in the development of hypertension (6 weeks), the
renal cortical structure did not exhibit abnormal extracellular matrix
accumulation as revealed by Sirius red and/or Masson’s staining
(Figure 3, A and E). Renal vascular and
glomerular fibrosis started to became evident at 10 weeks,
and it was clearly established after 20 weeks of treatment
(Figure 3, B and F). Semiquantitative evaluation of
extracellular matrix formation after 20 weeks of L-NAME treatment
confirmed renal injury in L-NAME–treated versus control mice
(Figure 4). Almost all glomeruli displayed extracellular
matrix scores from 2+ to 4+ (sclerotic index, 3.23±0.03 versus
0.22±0.02 in L-NAME 20 weeks and control, respectively,
P<0.001).
|
|
Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonism on
the procol2(I) Gene Activation
The rationale of these experiments was based on our
previous studies indicating that endothelin was involved into the
mechanisms responsible for the activation of collagen I gene during the
inhibition of NO
synthesis.11 12
Thus, we investigated whether endothelin antagonism could delay the
progression, or, even better, reverse renal vascular fibrosis. To this
end, after 20 weeks of L-NAME treatment, bosentan, a mixed
antagonist of endothelin receptors, was administered in
vivo concomitant to L-NAME for an additional period of 10
weeks.
Endothelin receptor antagonism did not alter
systolic blood pressure (167±5 versus 162±4 mm Hg, in
mice treated with L-NAME for 30 weeks and L-NAME 20 weeks followed by
10 weeks of L-NAME+bosentan, respectively,
Figure 1). In agreement with our previous results, bosentan
administration to control animals did not modify blood pressure or
basal luciferase activity in any tested tissue (data not shown). In
contrast, endothelin antagonism inhibited the L-NAME–induced
activation of procol2(I) gene in glomeruli at 30 weeks (194±13
versus 48±5 LU/µg, P<0.01,
for L-NAME-30 weeks and L-NAME+bosentan–treated animals, respectively,
Figure 2, left). Similarly, bosentan reduced the increase in
luciferase activity induced by L-NAME in afferent arterioles (539±29
versus 302±24 LU/µg,
P<0.01,
Figure 2 middle) and renal cortex (468±32 versus 252±16
LU/µg, P<0.01,
Figure 2, right), implying a specific action of bosentan on
renal vasculature independent of the increase of systolic blood
pressure.
Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonism on
the Extracellular Matrix Formation
Antagonism of endothelin receptors markedly protected
kidneys from the L-NAME–induced fibrosis as evidenced by the reduced
levels of collagen and extracellular matrix staining in L-NAME+bosentan
compared with L-NAME 30 weeks group
(Figure 3, C and D, G and H, respectively). Semiquantitative
analysis of fibrosis indicated that 40% of glomeruli exhibited
a severe degree of glomerular injury (4+) in the L-NAME
group (sclerotic index, 3.27±0.06)
(Figure 4), whereas there were <15% of glomeruli in class
(4+) in the L-NAME+bosentan group
(Figure 4; sclerotic index, 2.49±0.10;
P<0.01). Interestingly,
bosentan blunted the degree of
glomerulosclerosis, even compared with L-NAME
20 weeks group (sclerotic index 3.23±0.03,
P<0.01).
Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonism on
Mortality Rate
This improvement of renal vascular histology during
cotreatment with bosentan was accompanied by a net reduction of
mortality rates. In the L-NAME group, some mice died after 24 weeks,
and the mortality rate reached 36% (9 of 25) of animals by 30 weeks.
In contast, some mice died at 28 weeks in the L-NAME+bosentan group,
and mortality rate was 
6% at 30 weeks (1 of
16).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In this study, we used a strain of transgenic mice harboring the luciferase reporter gene under the control of collagen I promoter to investigate the mechanisms of regression of renal vascular fibrosis. We could show a major role for endothelin in controlling collagen I gene activation in renal vessels during inhibition of NO synthesis. An important novel finding is that bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, given in a curative way, inhibited the activation of procol
2(I) and reduced the severity of renal lesions,
although it did not reduce systolic blood pressure. This result
implies that during chronic inhibition of NO synthesis (a) endothelin
is involved in the progression of renal vascular fibrosis by acting on
collagen I gene, and (b) administration of endothelin receptor
antagonists could reverse this fibrotic process independent
of systemic hemodynamics. Several recent studies point to a major role for endothelin in mediating renal fibrosis. Antagonism of endothelin receptors delayed the evolution of renal failure and increased the survival rate in rats with renal mass reduction.15 Similarly, the use of an endothelin receptor antagonist improved renal structural damage and reduced extracellular matrix (including collagen I) formation in the model of murine lupus nephritis.16 Transgenic mice overexpressing human endothelin 1 gene developed glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis without change in arterial pressure, thus corroborating the hypothesis that the endothelin-mediated fibrogenic mechanisms are independent of systemic hemodynamics.17
In recent studies, we provided additional elements on the
mechanisms by which endothelin participates in the development of renal
vascular fibrosis. Our data pointed to a local action of endothelin in
the renal vascular beds: mRNA expression and peptide content of
endothelin in renal resistance vessels and endothelin urinary excretion
rate were increased in rodents treated with
L-NAME.11 12 We
have also found that this local activation of endothelin occurred
concomitantly with an increase in the promoter activation of collagen I
in renal microvessels and glomeruli. Bosentan given in a preventive way
abolished the exaggerated procol2(I) activity and mRNA expression
and peptide synthesis of collagen I and markedly protected the renal
vasculature from the development of
fibrosis.11 12
Interestingly, these protective effects of endothelin antagonism
occurred despite the persistent increase of systolic pressure
in L-NAME–treated animals. In agreement with our studies, other
investigators observed that selective blockade of
ETA receptors prevented proteinuria and
glomerular ischemia and blunted the degree of
vascular and tubulointerstitial injuries during
inhibition of NO synthesis without normalizing blood
pressure.18
The above studies investigated mainly mechanisms leading to the development of renal vascular fibrosis, in which pharmacological agents were administered in a preventive fashion. Little is known regarding the involvement of endothelin in mechanisms maintaining renal vascular fibrosis and the efficiency of endothelin receptor antagonists as curative drugs against this disease. A major goal of the present study was to investigate these hypotheses. We observed that an endothelin receptor antagonist given 20 weeks after the beginning of hypertension markedly inhibited collagen I gene activation and that this inhibition was followed by a decrease of the abnormal collagen and extracellular matrix formation within the renal vasculature. Animals receiving bosentan displayed a less severe degree of glomerular lesions even compared with those at the beginning of the treatment (L-NAME 20 weeks, Figures 3 and 4), thus suggesting that renal vascular fibrosis regressed during treatment with an endothelin receptor antagonist. The parameters of semiquantitative analysis led to the impression that renal fibrosis did not evolve (worsen) between 20 and 30 weeks (similarity of values for sclerotic index, percentage of injured glomeruli, Figure 4). However, we do not think that this was the case, because mice started to die after 24 weeks of L-NAME treatment, and mortality rate reached 35% by the 30th week. As a result, there was a kind of "selection," and the data in Figures 3 and 4 may concern the best "preserved" animals in this group.
It would be interesting to investigate whether the bosentan-induced improvement of renal structure was accompanied by an improvement of renal function and whether the increase of survival rate could be attributed to the renal function. With measurements of classic parameters of renal function, we encountered some practical problems in mice because of the size of this animal and because control mice (at least in our strain) excrete proteins in urine to levels above the normal standards for other species. An alternative could be the use of rats as an animal model for these renal function studies. In an ongoing study performed in our laboratory, we have observed that, as with mice, endothelin antagonism induced a partial regression of renal vascular fibrosis in L-NAME–treated rats. This regression was associated with an improvement of renal function (proteinuria, creatininemia) and survival rates; interestingly, it appeared that at least a part of the decreased mortality rate was due to renal function amelioration (Boffa et al, unpublished observations).
The concept that an efficient treatment against hypertension and its complications should also address the issue of pathological structural remodeling (in addition to simply lowering blood pressure) has recently emerged.19 This concept is based on data obtained in the cardiac tissue with mainly blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. Long-term treatment with an ACE inhibitor produced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and normalized blood pressure in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).20 Interestingly, when the same ACE inhibitor was given in a nondepressor dose, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis regressed and myocardial stiffness was normalized. A reduction of cardiac fibrosis with a concomitant increase of matrix metalloproteinase activity was also observed in old SHR after long-term antihypertensive treatment with an ACE inhibitor.21 In two recent studies, performed in a relatively limited number of hypertensive patients, ACE inhibition diminished the volume of perivascular collagen and improved cardiac function.22 23 Contrary to the heart, there is a paucity of data concerning mechanism(s) of fibrotic regression in the renal vasculature, another primary target of hypertensive diseases. Treatment with a calcium blocker and/or an ACE inhibitor improved renal hemodynamics and prevented nephrosclerosis in SHR treated with L-NAME.24 In the L-NAME model of hypertension in rats, inhibition or antagonism of Ang II preserved kidney function and morphology in addition to normalizing systolic pressure.25 26 However, the pharmacological treatment and the normalization of blood pressure started early, when the degree of sclerotic lesions was relatively low; ACE inhibition ameliorated parameters of renal function and histology compared with the nontreated animals in the end of experiments but not compared with the animals in the beginning of the treatment.25 26 Thus, these observations are more relevant to a protection against the progression rather than to a regression from an existing fibrosis. To our knowledge, the present study is among the first reporting an improvement of renal morphology after a long-term induction of the hypertensive pathology. In support of the "regression of renal fibrosis" hypothesis, reversal of the lesions of diabetic nephropathy was observed in patients 10 years after pancreas transplantation and induction of normoglycemia.27
Although bosentan almost completely inhibited collagen I gene activation, it partially restored renal vascular histology. Animals treated with bosentan continued to display exaggerated extracellular matrix formation compared with age-matched control animals (Figure 3). A possible explanation is that the timing of observation (10 weeks of curative treatment) was not long enough to completely eliminate the already accumulated extracellular matrix. The turnover for the degradation of collagen I depends on species, tissue, and/or pathology.28 In the rat, for instance, where L-NAME–induced renal fibrosis occurs faster than in the mouse (hypertension and severity of renal lesions developed faster during L-NAME administration in rat than in mouse),11 25 curative treatment with an AT1 antagonist for 1 to 2 months can almost completely normalize renal morphology (Boffa et al, unpublished data). It is also possible that endothelin, being one of several mediators participating in the renal fibrotic process blockade of its action, does not inactivate other fibrogenic systems. For instance, transforming growth factor-ß is one of the most potent signals for the induction of extracellular matrix synthesis and renal fibrosis and is considered to mediate a major part of the fibrotic action of angiotensin II.29 Mechanical strain is another signal that can activate synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and collagens, in human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.30 It would be interesting to investigate in future studies whether there is an interaction between endothelin and transforming growth factor-ß and to examine the role that could play the hypertension-induced increase of contractility in renal resistance vessels or the involvement of systems that degrade collagens (such as the family of matrix metalloproteinases) in the process of regression of renal fibrosis.
Conclusions
We investigated mechanisms of regression of renal
vascular and glomerular fibrosis by using a new model of
transgenic mouse harboring the luciferase reporter gene under the
control of the collagen I promoter. Our data indicate that endothelin
plays an important role in maintaining renal vascular fibrosis and that
chronic inhibition of its action leads not only to the prevention as
already reported12 but also
to the regression of renal lesions independent of systemic
hemodynamics. This observation can have important
implications in the treatment of nephroangiosclerosis and
glomerulosclerosis in human essential
hypertension.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This work was supported by the "Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale" and the "Faculté de Médecine St Antoine." Dr J.J. Boffa was research fellow of "Académie Nationale de Médecine." The authors thank Drs George Bou-Gharios, Jerôme Rossert, and Benoit de Crombrugghe (Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, Houston) for providing the transgenic mice and Dr Martine Clozel (Actelion, Basel, Switzerland) for providing bosentan.
Received October 24, 2000; first decision November 27, 2000; accepted December 11, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Weistuch JM, Dworkin LD. Does essential hypertension cause end-stage renal disease? Kidney Int. 1992;41:S33–S37.
2. Yoshioka K, Tohda M, Takemura T, Akano N, Matsubara K, Ooshima A, Maki S. Distribution of the type I collagen in human kidney diseases in comparison with type III collagen. J Pathol. 1990;162:141–148.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3.
Hayakawa H, Coffee
K, Raij L. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiorenal
injury in experimental salt-sensitive hypertension: effects of
antihypertensive therapy.
Circulation. 1997;96:2407–2413.
4. Garg UC, Hassid A. Nitric-oxide generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1774–1777.
5. Baylis C, Mitruka B, Deng A. Chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in the rat produces systemic hypertension and glomerular damage. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:278–281.
6. Xu Y, Arnal JF, Hinglais N, Appay MD, Laboulandine I, Bariety J, Michel JB. Renal hypertensive angiopathy: comparison between chronic NO suppression and DOCA-salt intoxication. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:167–176.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Hirata Y, Takagi Y, Fukuda Y, Marumo F. Endothelin is a potent mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 1989;78:225–228.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Chua BHL, Krebs KJ, Chua CC, Diglio CA. Endothelin stimulates protein synthesis in smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1992;262(Endocrine Physiol 31):E412–E416.
9.
Li JS, Larivière
R, Schiffrin EL. Effect of a nonselective endothelin
antagonist on vascular remodeling in deoxycorticosterone
acetate-salt hypertensive rats: evidence for a role of endothelin in
vascular hypertrophy?
Hypertension. 1994;24:183–188.
10.
Moreau P,
d’Uscio LV, Shaw S, Takase H, Barton M, Lüscher TF.
Angiotensin II increases tissue endothelin and induces
vascular hypertrophy: reversal by
ETA-receptor antagonist.
Circulation. 1997;96:1593–1597.
11.
Tharaux PL,
Chatziantoniou C, Casellas D, Fouassier L, Ardaillou R, Dussaule JC.
Vascular endothelin-1 gene expression, synthesis and effect on renal
type I collagen synthesis and nephroangiosclerosis during nitric oxide
synthase inhibition in rats.
Circulation. 1999;99:2185–2191.
12. Chatziantoniou C, Boffa JJ, Ardaillou R, Dussaule JC. Nitric oxide inhibition induces early activation of type I collagen gene in renal resistance vessels and glomeruli in transgenic mice: role of endothelin. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2780–2789.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13.
Bou-Gharios G,
Garrett LA, Rossert J, Niederreither K, Eberspaecher H, Smith C, Black
C, de Crombrugghe B. A potent far-upstream enhancer in the mouse
pro2(I) collagen gene regulates expression of reporter genes in
transgenic mice. J Cell
Biol. 1996;134:1333–1344.
14.
Tharaux PL,
Chatziantoniou C, Fakhouri F, Dussaule JC. Angiotensin II
activates collagen I gene trough a mechanism involving the
MAP/ER kinase pathway.
Hypertension. 2000;36:330–336.
15. Benigni A, Zoja C, Corna D, Orisio S, Facchinetti D, Bertani T, Remuzzi G. Blocking both type A and B endothelin receptors in the kidney attenuates renal injury and prolongs survival in rats with remnant kidney. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;27:416–423.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Tomino H, Koide H. Effect of a specific endothelin A receptor antagonist on murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 1995;47:481–489.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Hocher B, Thöne-Reineke C, Rohmeiss P, Schmager F, Slowinski T, Burst V, Siegmund F, Quertermous T, Neumayer HH, Schleuning WD, Theuring F. Endothelin-1 transgenic mice develops glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and renal cysts but not hypertension. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1380–1389.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Verhagen AM, Rabelink TJ, Braam B, Opgenorth TJ, Grone HJ, Koomans HA, Joles JA. Endothelin A receptor blockade alleviates hypertension and renal lesions associated with chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:755–762.[Abstract]
19.
Weber KT.
Targeting pathological remodeling: concepts of cardioprotection and
reparation. Circulation. 2000;102:1342–1345.
20.
Brilla CG,
Janicki JS, Weber KT. Impaired diastolic function and
coronary reserve in genetic hypertension: role of
interstitial fibrosis and medial thickening of
intramyocardial coronary arteries.
Circ Res. 1991;69:107–115.
21.
Brilla CG,
Matsubara L, Weber KT. Advanced hypertensive heart disease in
spontaneously hypertensive rats: lisinopril-mediated
regression of myocardial fibrosis.
Hypertension. 1996;28:269–275.
22.
Brilla CG, Funck
RC, Rupp H. Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial
fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease.
Circulation. 2000;102:1388–1393.
23. Schwartzkopff B, Brehm M, Mundhenke M, Strauer BE. Repair of coronary arterioles after treatment with perindopril in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension. 2000;36:200–225.
24.
Francischetti A,
Ono H, Frohlich ED. Renoprotective effects of felodipine and/or
enalapril in spontaneously hypertensive rats with and without L-NAME.
Hypertension. 1998;31:795–801.
25. Michel JB, Xu Y, Blot S, Philippe M, Chatellier G. Improved survival in rats administered L-NAME due to converting enzyme inhibition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;28:142–148.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Casellas D, Benhamed S, Artuso A, Jover B. Candesartan and progression of preglomerular lesions in L-NAME hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:S230–S233.
27.
Fioretto P,
Steffes MD, Sutherland DER, Goetz FC, Mauer M. Reversal of lesions of
diabetic nephropathy after pancreas transplantation.
N Engl J Med. 1998;339:69–75.
28.
Laurent GJ.
Dynamic state of collagen: pathways of collagen degradation in vivo and
their possible role in regulation of collagen mass.
Am J Physiol. 1987;252:C1–C9.
29.
Border WA, Noble
NA. Interactions of transforming growth factor-ß and
angiotensin II in renal fibrosis.
Hypertension. 1998;31:181–188.
30.
O’Callaghan CJ,
Williams B. Mechanical strain-induced extracellular matrix
production by human vascular smooth muscle cells.
Hypertension. 2000;36:319–324.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. Gagliardini, D. Corna, C. Zoja, F. Sangalli, F. Carrara, M. Rossi, S. Conti, D. Rottoli, L. Longaretti, A. Remuzzi, et al. Unlike each drug alone, lisinopril if combined with avosentan promotes regression of renal lesions in experimental diabetes Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): F1448 - F1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Helle, C. Jouzel, C. Chadjichristos, S. Placier, M. Flamant, D. Guerrot, H. Francois, J.-C. Dussaule, and C. Chatziantoniou Improvement of renal hemodynamics during hypertension-induced chronic renal disease: role of EGF receptor antagonism Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2009; 297(1): F191 - F199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. F. Opitz, R. Ewert, W. Kirch, and D. Pittrow Inhibition of endothelin receptors in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: does selectivity matter? Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2008; 29(16): 1936 - 1948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Flamant, S. Placier, A. Rodenas, C. A. Curat, W. F. Vogel, C. Chatziantoniou, and J.-C. Dussaule Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 Null Mice Are Protected against Hypertension-Induced Renal Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2006; 17(12): 3374 - 3381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Placier, J.-J. Boffa, J.-C. Dussaule, and C. Chatziantoniou Reversal of renal lesions following interruption of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in transgenic mice Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2006; 21(4): 881 - 888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Dhaun, J. Goddard, and DavidJ. Webb The Endothelin System and Its Antagonism in Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4): 943 - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Chatziantoniou and J.-C. Dussaule Insights into the mechanisms of renal fibrosis: is it possible to achieve regression? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): F227 - F234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Mishra, P. Leahy, and M. S. Simonson Gene expression profile of endothelin-1-induced growth in glomerular mesangial cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): C1109 - C1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sorokin and D. E. Kohan Physiology and pathology of endothelin-1 in renal mesangium Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): F579 - F589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. T. Yu Progression of Chronic Renal Failure Arch Intern Med, June 23, 2003; 163(12): 1417 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V Agapitov and W. G Haynes Role of endothelin in cardiovascular disease Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1): 1 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-S. Ding, C. Qiu, P. Hess, J.-F. Xi, J.-P. Clozel, and M. Clozel Chronic endothelin receptor blockade prevents renal vasoconstriction and sodium retention in rats with chronic heart failure Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 963 - 970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||