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(Hypertension. 2002;39:116.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Scientific Contributions

Ang II Accumulation in Rat Renal Endosomes During Ang II-Induced Hypertension

Role of AT₁ Receptor

Jia L. Zhuo; John D. Imig; Timothy G. Hammond; Sheyla Orengo; Edmund Benes; L. Gabriel Navar

From the Department of Physiology (J.L.Z., J.D.I., S.O., L.G.N.) and Tulane Environmental Astrobiology Center (T.G.H., E.B.), Tulane University School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center (T.G.H.), New Orleans, Louisiana; Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine (J.L.Z.), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.

Correspondence to Dr L. Gabriel Navar, Department of Physiology, SL39, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112. E-mail navar{at}tulane.edu

	Abstract

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Hypertension induced by long-term infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) is associated with augmented intrarenal Ang II levels to a greater extent than can be explained on the basis of the circulating Ang II levels. Although part of this augmentation is due to AT₁ receptor–dependent internalization, the intracellular compartments involved in this Ang II accumulation remain unknown. In the present study, we sought to determine whether Ang II trafficking into renal cortical endosomes is increased during Ang II hypertension, and if so, whether the AT₁ receptor antagonist, candesartan, prevents this accumulation. Compared with controls (n=12; 114±2 mm Hg), Ang II-infused rats (n=12; 80 ng/kg/min, SC, for 13 days) developed hypertension with systolic blood pressure rising to 185±4 mm Hg by Day 12. In Ang II hypertensive rats, plasma renin activity was suppressed, whereas plasma and kidney Ang II levels were increased by 3-fold (348±58 versus 119±16 fmol/mL) and 2-fold (399±39 versus 186±26 fmol/g). Intracellular endosomal Ang II levels were increased by more than 10-fold (1100±283 versus 71±12 fmol/mg protein), whereas intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels were increased by more than 2-fold (88±22 versus 37±7 fmol/mg protein). Flow cytometric analysis detected significant increases in AT_1A receptor antibody binding in endosomal and intermicrovillar clefts of Ang II–infused rats. The hypertension induced by Ang II was prevented in rats treated concurrently with candesartan (2 mg/kg/d, 119±3 mm Hg). Candesartan treatment (n=8) also prevented increases in kidney (215±19 fmol/g), endosomal (96±29 fmol/mg protein), and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels (11±2 fmol/mg protein). These results indicate that there is substantial intracellular accumulation of angiotensin peptides in renal cortical endosomes during Ang II–dependent hypertension via an AT₁ receptor–mediated process.

Key Words: kidney • endosomes • angiotensin II • AT₁ receptor • hypertension, experimental

	Introduction

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The importance of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the development and maintenance of hypertension is well documented in several animal models of experimental hypertension, such as two-kidney, one-clip renal hypertension (2K1C), the Ren-2 gene transgenic rats, and the Ang II–infused model.^1–4 The Ang II–dependent increases in arterial blood pressure are commonly associated with higher levels of circulating and intrarenal Ang II levels, structural abnormalities, and functional derangements in the kidney.^1–6 One important feature in the renin-angiotensin system profile observed in these rats is that renal Ang II levels are greater than can be explained on the basis of circulating Ang II and suppressed renin expression.^2,4,7–9 This suggests that angiotensin peptides continue to be generated intrarenally via a renin-independent pathway, or that circulating Ang II accumulates in one or more compartments within the kidney.^4,9 Previous studies have shown that intrarenal Ang II levels are increased in the contralateral nonclip kidney of 2K1C hypertensive rats and in kidneys of Ang II–infused rats and Ren-2 transgenic rats.^2,4,7–9 Because blockade of the AT₁ receptor with losartan normalizes blood pressure and prevents augmentation of intrarenal Ang II levels, this enhanced uptake of Ang II within the kidney appears to be mediated by the AT₁ receptor.^9,10 These results suggest that Ang II levels are augmented in intracellular compartments by an AT₁ receptor–mediated internalization mechanism and are protected from degradation to some extent.

Recent studies have localized angiotensin peptides in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts, thus implicating them as potential sites for intracellular accumulation in the kidney.¹¹ Renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts from rat renal cortex also contain angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and AT₁ receptors.¹¹ In the present study, we first sought to determine whether intracellular accumulation of circulating or intrarenally formed Ang II into renal endosomes is increased during Ang II–dependent hypertension. Second, studies were performed to examine whether AT₁ receptor blockade with candesartan would prevent Ang II accumulation in whole kidney, renal endosomes, and intermicrovillar clefts. Third, flow cytometric analysis was used to measure AT₁ receptor antibody binding in renal intracellular endosomes isolated from normotensive and Ang II hypertensive rats. The present study demonstrates that during Ang II–induced hypertension, Ang II levels are markedly increased in parallel in the kidney, intermicrovillar clefts, and endosomes via an AT₁ receptor–mediated process.

	Methods

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Animal Preparation
Ang II–induced hypertensive rats were prepared as described previously.^4,9,10 Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) were divided into three groups: Group 1 rats served as controls and did not receive any treatment (n=12); Group 2 rats received Ang II infusions at 80 ng/min via osmotic minipumps (n=12) (Alza Corporation) for 13 days; and Group 3 rats received concurrently Ang II infusion and the AT₁ receptor antagonist, candesartan, at 2 mg/kg/d for 13 days (n=8). Systolic blood pressures were monitored by tail-cuff plethysmography one day before and on Day 6 and Day 12, respectively, following Ang II or candesartan treatment. All experiments were approved by the Tulane University Animal Care and Use Committee.

Preparation of Plasma and Kidney Samples, Renal Endosomes, and Intermicrovillar Clefts
On Day 13 after initiation of the treatment, rats were decapitated and trunk blood samples collected for measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA) and Ang I and Ang II concentrations.^4,9–11 Kidneys were immediately harvested, demedullated, and prepared separately for measurement of whole kidney Ang I and Ang II or for fractionation and purification of renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts as we described previously.^11,12

Measurement of PRA and Circulating, Kidney, and Endosomal Ang II
PRA was measured using a standard commercial kit (Incstar), and plasma and kidney Ang I and Ang II levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.^4,9–11 Ang II levels in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts were also determined by radioimmunoassay as we described previously¹¹ and expressed as femtomole per milligram (fmol/mg) endosomal protein. The sensitivity of Ang II immunoassays was 2 fmol, the specific binding was 41% and the nonspecific binding was 3%.

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Endosomal AT₁ Receptor Antibody Binding
AT₁ receptor antibody binding in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts and its colocalization with entrapped marker fluorescein dextran were determined by flow cytometry as described previously.¹¹ Briefly, aliquots (25 µL) of endosomal or intermicrovillar cleft vesicles were first preincubated in 50% goat serum for 2 hours at 22°C to reduce nonspecific binding and then incubated with serial dilutions of the AT_1A receptor antiserum at 4°C overnight.¹¹ After washing, endosomal samples were further incubated with 1:40 of goat anti-rabbit phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary antiserum for 4 hours at 22°C. The AT_1A receptor antibody binding tagged by phycoerythrin and fluorescein dextran were analyzed for each rat sample by a Becton-Dickinson FACSVantage flow cytometer using a dedicated Power Mac computer.^11,12

Data Analysis and Statistics
Data are presented as the mean±SEM. The differences between different groups of animals in systolic blood pressure, PRA, plasma and kidney Ang I and Ang II, and endosomal Ang II levels were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s comparisons between groups’ means. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

An expanded Methods section can be found in an online data supplement available at http://www.hypertensionaha.org.

	Results

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Effect of Long-Term Ang II Infusion and/or Candesartan on Systolic Blood Pressure, PRA, and Plasma Ang I and Ang II Levels
Rats receiving chronic Ang II infusions developed hypertension by Day 6, which rose further by Day 12 (Table). Concurrent administration of candesartan to Ang II–infused rats prevented the development of hypertension. Control rats remained normotensive throughout the duration of the experiment. PRA was markedly suppressed in Ang II–hypertensive rats, and conversely, it was elevated more than 6-fold in Ang II–infused rats treated concurrently with candesartan (Table). Long-term Ang II infusion also significantly decreased plasma Ang I levels compared with controls (38±9 versus 70±9 fmol/mL). In contrast, plasma Ang II concentrations increased by almost 3-fold in Ang II–infused rats compared with controls. Concurrent administration of candesartan elevated PRA markedly and increased plasma Ang II levels further above the levels seen in rats receiving Ang II infusion alone (Table). The increase in Ang II as a consequence of stimulation of PRA is presumably due to the blockade of the feedback inhibition of renin release by Ang II in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).⁹

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Effects of Chronic Ang II and/or Candesartan Administration on Body and Kidney Weights, Systolic Blood Pressure, Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Ang II Levels, and Urinary Excretion of Water, Sodium (UNaV), and Potassium (UKV)

Effects of Long-Term Ang II and/or Candesartan on Kidney and Endosomal Ang II Levels
Kidney Ang II levels in control rats averaged 186±26 fmol/g kidney weight and were increased to 399±39 fmol/g in Ang II–infused rats (P<0.05) (Figure 1). Unlike plasma Ang II levels, which increased further above the levels of Ang II–infused rats (Table), kidney Ang II levels in candesartan-treated Ang II–infused animals did not increase significantly from the levels observed in control rats (215±19 fmol/g kidney weight). Endosomal Ang II levels increased from 71±12 fmol/mg in control animals to 1100±283 fmol/mg endosomal protein in the Ang II–infused rats, whereas intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels increased from 37±7 fmol/mg to 88±22 fmol/mg endosomal protein. Candesartan prevented the Ang II–induced increases in both endosomal and intermicrovillar Ang II levels (Figure 1). .

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Effects of long-term Ang II infusion and concurrent treatment with candesartan on whole kidney, endosomal, and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II concentrations. Compared with controls, long-term Ang II infusion markedly increased kidney, endosomal, and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels, which were completely prevented by candesartan. *P<0.05, compared with controls; +P <0.05, compared with Ang II hypertensive rats.

Effects of Long-Term Ang II Infusion on AT₁ Receptor Antibody Binding in Renal Endosomes and Intermicrovillar Clefts
To determine whether the increases in kidney, endosomal, and intermicrovillar Ang II levels in Ang II–infused rats are associated with alterations of AT₁ receptor expression, flow cytometry was employed to measure AT₁ receptor antibody binding in renal cortical endosomes.¹¹ Classic log concentration antibody binding curves were first determined to select the optimal concentration of AT₁ receptor antibody used for measurement of AT₁ receptor protein expression in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts (not shown). As shown in Figure 2, compared with control animals, AT₁ receptor antibody binding was significantly higher in both intracellular endosomes (control 115±5.5 fluorescence intensity units versus Ang II–infused 161±17.6 fluorescence intensity units, P<0.05) and intermicrovillar clefts (control 26.4±4.8 fluorescence intensity units versus Ang II–infused 44.7±8.6 fluorescence intensity units, P<0.05) in Ang II–infused rats at 1:1000 antibody dilution.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Binding of anti-AT1A receptor antisera detected by the fluorescence of a phycoerythrin-tagged secondary antibody in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts prepared from normotensive rats and Ang II–infused rats, as measured by flow cytometry. *P <0.05 compared with controls.

Colocalization of Entrapped Endosomal Marker Fluorescein Dextran and AT₁ Receptor Antibody Binding
Colocalization of entrapped fluorescein dextran as an endosomal marker and AT₁ receptor antibody binding in renal intracellular endosomes by flow cytometry is shown in Figure 3. Panel A shows the background level of autofluorescence without entrapped fluorescein and minimal level of AT₁ receptor antibody binding. Colocalization of AT₁ receptor antibody binding with entrapped fluorescein dextran in a representative control endosomal sample is shown in Panel B. A marked shift to the right of the 3D frequency histogram (colocalization) was observed in renal endosomes of Ang II–infused rats, indicating an increase in intracellular endosomal AT₁ receptor antibody binding (Panel C). Concurrent administration of candesartan prevented the shift to the right of the 3D frequency histogram in renal endosomes of Ang II–infused rats (Panel D). Only a single population of renal endosomes was observed in all 3 groups of rats.

View larger version (66K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Colocalization of entrapped endosomal fluorescein dextran and AT1A receptor antibody binding using flow cytometry in endosomes prepared from the control rats, Ang II–infused rats, and rats treated concurrently with Ang II and candesartan. Each panel displays data on 2000 individual endosomes with axes on log scale. For the entrapped fluorescence, the origin is at the top left corner. A, Autofluorescence without fluorescein entrapped and with minimal AT1A receptor antibody binding. B, Colocalization of entrapped endosomal fluorescein dextran and AT1A receptor antibody binding in a normotensive control rat (representative of n=4). C, Colocalization of entrapped endosomal fluorescein dextran and AT1A receptor antibody binding in an Ang II–infused rat (representative of n=4). D, Colocalization of entrapped endosomal fluorescein dextran and AT1A receptor antibody binding in a rat treated concurrently with Ang II and candesartan (representative of n=4). Note a marked right shift in 3D frequency histogram in Ang II–infused rats, which was prevented by candesartan, indicating an increase in AT1A receptor antibody binding during long-term Ang II infusion and a restoration back to control with concurrent candesartan treatment.

	Discussion

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Internalization of the Ang II-AT₁ receptor complex following binding of the agonist to its membrane-bound receptors has been suggested to play an important role in mediating biological actions of Ang II in kidney cells.^13–15 Although fluorescence-labeled Ang II and AT₁ receptors have been localized in endosomes and/or lysosomes, the actual presence of internalized Ang II and AT₁ receptors in intracellular compartments has been reported only recently.¹¹ We demonstrated that rat renal cortical endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts contain detectable ACE, Ang I, Ang II, and AT₁ receptor,¹¹ therefore suggesting that the potential site(s) of intrarenal accumulation of circulating and intrarenally formed Ang II in Ang II–hypertensive rats are the intracellular endosomal compartments. In the present study, we observed marked increases in renal endosomal Ang II levels in rats receiving long-term Ang II infusion. This enhanced endosomal Ang II accumulation was associated with an increase in AT₁ receptor antibody binding in renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts and was prevented by the treatment of the Ang II–infused rats with the AT₁ receptor blocker, candesartan. Thus, our results confirm our hypothesis that Ang II levels are markedly elevated in renal intracellular endosomal compartments during Ang II–dependent hypertension.

To determine whether increased renal endosomal and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels were dependent on AT₁ receptor activation, an additional group of Ang II–infused rats was treated with the AT₁ receptor blocker, candesartan. We previously reported that losartan prevented intrarenal accumulation of infused exogenous Val⁵-Ang II in the kidney, indicating that intrarenal uptake of circulating Ang II is mediated by AT₁ receptors.¹⁰ The results of the present study with candesartan demonstrate that AT₁ receptor blockade prevents the accumulation of Ang II in intracellular endosomal compartments. Indeed, blockade of AT₁ receptors with candesartan in Ang II–infused rats prevented not only the increase in whole kidney Ang II levels, but also the increases in endosomal and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels. These results support the hypothesis that increased intracellular accumulation of Ang II in renal endosomes during Ang II–induced hypertension is due to AT₁ receptor–mediated endocytosis and/or internalization. Internalization of Ang II via AT₁ receptors and blockade of Ang II internalization by losartan have been reported previously in cultured explant–derived aortic vascular smooth muscle cells,¹⁶ in the primary culture of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells in vitro,¹⁷ and in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with an AT_1a receptor linked to green fluorescent protein.¹⁸ The above cited studies examined AT₁ receptor–Ang II complex internalization in isolated or cultured cells in vitro, but the content of internalized Ang II and AT₁ receptors in intracellular compartments was not determined. Our measurements of Ang II levels in renal intracellular endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts freshly isolated and purified from normotensive and Ang II–infused rats, and in rats treated concurrently with Ang II infusion and candesartan, serve as a direct in vivo corollary to the in vitro studies. The present findings provide direct evidence for increased Ang II accumulation in renal endosomes during Ang II–induced hypertension and for the important role of AT₁ receptors in mediating this process.

To ascertain whether enhanced intracellular trafficking of Ang II into renal endosomes is associated with increased expression of AT₁ receptors, we employed flow cytometry to quantify endosomal AT₁ receptors in normotensive and Ang II–infused rats. Using a rabbit anti-AT_1A receptor antibody that was raised against the cytosolic tail of the AT_1a receptor,¹¹ we detected significant increases in AT₁ receptor antibody binding in both endosomal and intermicrovillar clefts of Ang II–infused rats compared with their normotensive counterparts. These data demonstrate that increased endosomal Ang II levels in Ang II hypertensive rats are associated with increased AT₁ receptors in endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts. Upregulation of Ang II receptors or AT₁ receptors by Ang II has been documented previously in renal proximal tubules.^19,20 Cheng et al²⁰ demonstrated that incubation of cultured rabbit proximal tubular cells with Ang II caused dose-dependent increases in both AT₁ receptor mRNA and specific ¹²⁵I-Ang II binding. Using quantitative in vitro autoradiography, Zhuo et al¹⁹ recently reported that, in the Ren-2 gene transgenic hypertensive rat, AT₁ receptor binding in the cortical region corresponding to proximal tubules was increased in parallel with those in the glomeruli and the inner stripe of the outer medulla. Because these hypertensive rats exhibit high levels of circulating and intrarenal Ang II,^8,19 these results suggest that proximal tubular AT₁ receptors are upregulated by ambient Ang II levels. Thus, our findings are consistent with the concept that increased expression of AT₁ receptors is responsible, at least in part, for enhanced Ang II accumulation in intracellular endosomal compartments during Ang II–dependent hypertension.

The physiological consequence of increased endosomal AT₁ receptor expression and enhanced intracellular accumulation of Ang II in renal endosomes during Ang II–dependent hypertension is yet to be determined. Accumulating evidence suggests that internalization of AT₁ receptors following binding of the agonist is not solely for the purpose of Ang II trafficking to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling of the receptors back to cell membranes. Rather, this process may be important for full expression of biological actions in different cells.^14,15,18,21 A recent study showed that microinjection of Ang II directly into vascular smooth muscle cells induces an increase in intracellular calcium via an AT₁ receptor–mediated process.²² In the kidney, endocytosis of the Ang II-AT₁ receptor complex increases phospholipase C and sodium flux and decreases cAMP in cultured proximal tubule epithelial cells following exposure to Ang II in vitro.^21,23 Likewise, AT₁ receptor–mediated endocytosis of Ang II and increased recycling of AT₁ receptors have been linked to increased phospholipase A₂ activity and increased sodium flux in a tubule cell line expressing rabbit AT₁ receptors (LLC-PK).²⁴ Thus, increased internalization and/or accumulation of Ang II in renal endosomes may enhance proximal tubular sodium reabsorption and, therefore, contribute to the blunted pressure natriuresis relationship in Ang II–dependent hypertension. Chen et al¹⁸ demonstrated Ang II–driven internalization of an AT₁ receptor–green fluorescent protein (AT₁R-GFP) receptor complex and increased colocalization of the GFP fluorescence in nuclear regions. Long-term Ang II infusions have been shown to lead to increased angiotensinogen mRNA levels causing enhanced intrarenal production of angiotensinogen.^25,26 Because of the evidence suggesting that the Ang II-AT₁ receptor complex may migrate to the nucleus,¹⁸ it is possible that Ang II–dependent stimulation of angiotensinogen mRNA requires Ang II internalization and direct genomic action as proposed by Re.²⁷ Furthermore, increased accumulation of endosomal Ang II levels and AT₁ receptors may also play important roles in causing structural injury or derangements during Ang II hypertension. Intracellular Ang II may induce transforming growth factor-ß or nuclear transcription factor-B expression to promote Ang II–induced tubulo-interstitial inflammation,²⁸ glomerulosclerosis, and renal microvascular hypertrophy.^3,9 Overall, internalization of Ang II and AT₁ receptors into renal endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts may play important paracrine and intracrine roles in the hypertensinogenic and pathologic actions of Ang II on the kidney.²⁷

In summary, the present study demonstrates that during Ang II hypertension, Ang II levels are markedly increased in the kidney and in renal cortical endosomes and intermicrovillar clefts. These increases in endosomal and intermicrovillar cleft Ang II levels are associated with enhanced expression of AT₁ receptors in these intracellular compartments and are prevented by concurrent administration of AT₁ receptor blockers. These findings support the hypothesis that intrarenal trafficking/accumulation of angiotensin peptides into renal cortical tubular endosomes is enhanced during Ang II hypertension, and this process is mediated by AT₁ receptors. Thus, increased AT₁ receptor expression and internalization of Ang II-AT₁ receptor complex may be important for full expression of hypertensinogenic, paracrine, and intracrine actions of Ang II in the kidney during Ang II–dependent hypertension.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL-26371 (to L.G. Navar), HL-59699 (to J.D. Imig), and DK-46117 (to T.G. Hammond); National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant 9-811 Basic (to T.G. Hammond); and a Veterans Affairs Research Associate Career Development Award (to T.G. Hammond). Flow cytometry equipment was provided by the Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund. J. Zhuo was supported by an Institute Block Grant to Howard Florey Institute from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (No. 983001). Candesartan was provided by AstraZeneca. This work was completed while Dr. Zhuo undertook his sabbatical leave in Dr. Navar’s laboratory.

	Footnotes

 
Dr Zhuo’s current address is Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202 (e-mail jzhuo1@hfhs.org). Dr Imig’s current address is Vascular Biology Center and Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500 (e-mail jdimig@mail.mcg.edu).

Received April 30, 2001; first decision June 11, 2001; accepted September 7, 2001.

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				R. M. Ortiz Delineating the contributions of AT1a and AT1b receptor-mediated uptake of ANG II in kidneys and adrenals Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): F291 - F292. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Ortiz, M. L. Graciano, J. J. Mullins, and K. D. Mitchell Aldosterone receptor antagonism alleviates proteinuria, but not malignant hypertension, in Cyp1a1-Ren2 transgenic rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): F1584 - F1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Linder, K. M. Thakali, J. M. Thompson, S. W. Watts, R. C. Webb, and R. Leite Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Tachyphylactic Contractile Responses in Rat Aorta J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2007; 323(1): 78 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kobori, M. Nangaku, L. G. Navar, and A. Nishiyama The Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System: From Physiology to the Pathobiology of Hypertension and Kidney Disease Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2007; 59(3): 251 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li, L. G. Navar, Y. Shao, and J. L. Zhuo Genetic deletion of AT1a receptors attenuates intracellular accumulation of ANG II in the kidney of AT1a receptor-deficient mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): F586 - F593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li and J. L. Zhuo Selective knockdown of AT1 receptors by RNA interference inhibits Val5-ANG II endocytosis and NHE-3 expression in immortalized rabbit proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): C367 - C378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Ortiz, M. L. Graciano, D. Seth, M. S. Awayda, and L. G. Navar Aldosterone receptor antagonism exacerbates intrarenal angiotensin II augmentation in ANG II-dependent hypertension Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): F139 - F147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Hayden, N. A. Chowdhury, S. A. Cooper, A. Whaley-Connell, J. Habibi, L. Witte, C. Wiedmeyer, C. M. Manrique, G. Lastra, C. Ferrario, et al. Proximal tubule microvilli remodeling and albuminuria in the Ren2 transgenic rat Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): F861 - F867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. ZHUO, O. A. CARRETERO, and X. C. LI Effects of AT1 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Extracellular Ang II on Activation of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B in Proximal Tubule Cells Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., December 1, 2006; 1091(1): 336 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Ruster and G. Wolf Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Progression of Renal Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2006; 17(11): 2985 - 2991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li, O. A. Carretero, L. G. Navar, and J. L. Zhuo AT1 receptor-mediated accumulation of extracellular angiotensin II in proximal tubule cells: role of cytoskeleton microtubules and tyrosine phosphatases Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): F375 - F383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Boivin, C. Lavoie, G. Vaniotis, A. Baragli, L.-R. Villeneuve, N. Ethier, P. Trieu, B. G. Allen, and T. E. Hebert Functional {beta}-adrenergic receptor signalling on nuclear membranes in adult rat and mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2006; 71(1): 69 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Zhuo, X. C. Li, J. L. Garvin, L. G. Navar, and O. A. Carretero Intracellular ANG II induces cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization by stimulating intracellular AT1 receptors in proximal tubule cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): F1382 - F1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. C. Li, D. J. Campbell, M. Ohishi, S. Yuan, and J. L. Zhuo AT1 receptor-activated signaling mediates angiotensin IV-induced renal cortical vasoconstriction in rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): F1024 - F1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Prieto-Carrasquero, H. Kobori, Y. Ozawa, A. Gutierrez, D. Seth, and L. G. Navar AT1 receptor-mediated enhancement of collecting duct renin in angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): F632 - F637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Pilz, E. Shagdarsuren, M. Wellner, A. Fiebeler, R. Dechend, P. Gratze, S. Meiners, D. L. Feldman, R. L. Webb, I. M. Garrelds, et al. Aliskiren, a Human Renin Inhibitor, Ameliorates Cardiac and Renal Damage in Double-Transgenic Rats Hypertension, September 1, 2005; 46(3): 569 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Valles, J. Wysocki, M. R. Salabat, I. Cokic, M. Ye, M. S. LaPointe, and D. Batlle Angiotensin II Increases H+-ATPase B1 Subunit Expression in Medullary Collecting Ducts Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 818 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Gonzalez-Villalobos, R. B. Klassen, P. L. Allen, L. G. Navar, and T. G. Hammond Megalin binds and internalizes angiotensin II Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): F420 - F427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kobori, M. C. Prieto-Carrasquero, Y. Ozawa, and L. G. Navar AT1 Receptor Mediated Augmentation of Intrarenal Angiotensinogen in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension Hypertension, May 1, 2004; 43(5): 1126 - 1132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Efendiev, C. E. Budu, A. R. Cinelli, A. M. Bertorello, and C. H. Pedemonte Intracellular Na+ Regulates Dopamine and Angiotensin II Receptors Availability at the Plasma Membrane and Their Cellular Responses in Renal Epithelia J. Biol. Chem., August 1, 2003; 278(31): 28719 - 28726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Koukoulas, T. Mustafa, R. Douglas-Denton, and E. M. Wintour Angiotensin II receptor (type 1 and 2) expression peaks when placental growth is maximal in sheep Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): R972 - R982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Nishiyama, D. M. Seth, and L. G. Navar Renal Interstitial Fluid Angiotensin I and Angiotensin II Concentrations during Local Angiotensin-Converting En