This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Stec, D. E. Articles by Sigmund, C. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Stec, D. E. Articles by Sigmund, C. D. Related Collections Animal models of human disease Functional genomics Genetically altered mice Hypertension - basic studies Gene therapy Genetics of cardiovascular disease

(Hypertension. 2002;39:629.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Scientific Contributions

Lower Blood Pressure in Floxed Angiotensinogen Mice After Adenoviral Delivery of Cre-Recombinase

David E. Stec; Henry L. Keen; Curt D. Sigmund

From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology & Biophysics, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.

Correspondence to Curt D. Sigmund, PhD, Chair, Molecular Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Director, Transgenic and Gene Targeting Facility, Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology & Biophysics, 2191 Medical Laboratory, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242. E-mail curt-sigmund{at}uiowa.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Recent experimental evidence suggests a role for tissue renin-angiotensin systems in the development of hypertension. To test the importance of tissue renin-angiotensin systems in the development and maintenance of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, we generated a transgenic model in which exon 2 of the human angiotensinogen gene is flanked by loxP sites (hAGT^flox) so that this region of the gene can be deleted by the cre-recombinase. Double transgenic human renin and hAGT^flox (R⁺/A^+flox) mice of two independent lines exhibited elevated blood pressure. Acute administration of an adenovirus containing cre-recombinase (Adcre) lowered blood pressure by 30 mm Hg over a 4-day period as measured with fluid filled catheters. The chronic effect of Adcre administration on blood pressure was determined by radiotelemetry in a separate group of R⁺/A^+flox mice. Blood pressure decreased by 25 mm Hg from baseline by day 8 post-Adcre, but increased on each day thereafter until it was 90% of baseline by day 21 post-Adcre. Expression analysis indicated the absence of detectable hAGT mRNA in the liver at day 5 post-Adcre, but reappeared at normal levels at days 14 to 21 post-Adcre. These studies suggest that Adcre is effective for acute, but not chronic, elimination of hepatic hAGT. Chronic elimination of hepatic hAGT will likely require the use of transgenic mice endogenously expressing cre-recombinase in the liver.

Key Words: gene expression • mice • renin-angiotensin system

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Several models of angiotensin II (Ang II)–dependent hypertension have been described in transgenic rats and mice.^1–3 Previously, we developed a model of Ang II-dependent hypertension by expressing both the human renin (hREN) and angiotensinogen genes (hAGT) in mice.³ hREN/hAGT double transgenic mice (R⁺/A⁺) exhibit increased blood pressure and elevated levels of circulating Ang II. However, recent studies by our laboratory suggest that alterations in tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) may be involved in the development and maintenance of hypertension in this model. Tissue RAS are hypothesized to exist in tissues (such as the heart, kidney, brain, and vasculature) capable of generating and responding to Ang II and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, because inhibitors of the RAS are effective antihypertensive agents even in patients with normal or low plasma renin activity, an index of circulating RAS function.^4–6 In hAGT mice, AGT is expressed in liver (the source of circulating AGT) and in kidney, heart, brain, and adipose tissue, thus providing a source of substrate in many tissues.⁷ Evidence supporting a role for tissue RAS in the model include a greater blood pressure sensitivity to intracerebroventricular infusion of losartan than normotensive mice, thus suggesting that Ang II generation and action in the brain may play an important role in blood pressure regulation in this model.⁸ Moreover, in a separate series of studies, we reported that proximal tubule-specific or brain-specific overexpression of the hAGT gene is able to increase blood pressure in the absence of an increase in plasma Ang II.^9–11 Since the level of AGT expression is high in the kidney of hAGT transgenic mice, a kidney-specific mechanism may also contribute to the mechanisms of hypertension in R⁺/A⁺ mice.⁷

To test the role of tissue RAS in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the R⁺/A⁺ model, we created a transgenic mouse in which exon-2 of the hAGT was flanked by loxP sites (HAGT^flox). We previously demonstrated liver-specific deletion of the HAGT^flox transgene in mice given an intravenous injection of a cre-recombinase containing adenovirus (Adcre).¹² The deletion of the hAGT^flox transgene in the liver was associated with a significant decrease in the plasma level of hAGT (>90% of control levels) and a markedly depressed or absent pressor response to infusion of purified recombinant human renin protein. These results demonstrated that deletion of the liver hAGT by intravenous administration of Adcre can acutely eliminate hAGT protein from the plasma of hAGT^flox mice. The goal of this study was to determine whether double transgenic R⁺/A^+flox mice exhibit a hypertensive phenotype and to determine the effect of chronic administration of Adcre on blood pressure using continuous monitoring of arterial pressure by radiotelemetry.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Animals
Studies were performed on 16- to 20-week-old mice fed standard mouse chow and water ad libitum. Care of the mice met or exceeded the standards set forth by the National Institutes of Health in Guidelines for Care and Use of Experimental Animals. All procedures were approved by the University Animal Care and Use Committee.

Implantation of Fluid-Filled Catheters and Recording of Blood Pressure
Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and catheters placed into the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein.⁸ Mice were allowed 48 hours to recover before blood pressure was measured. Catheters were flushed daily with sterile heparinized saline (500 U/mL). Blood pressure was measured for 2 hours per day in conscious, freely-moving mice using a PowerLab 4/sp polygraph (AD Instruments) and acquired on a computer running Chart 4 software. Adcre (driven by the cytomegalovirus [CMV] promoter) was administered via the venous catheter after the second control day (1.1x10¹¹ plaque-forming units in 0.1 mL) and blood pressure was then measured each day for the next 4 days. Construction of Adcre was previously described.¹² The acute effect of Adcre administration on blood pressure was determined in a separate group of R⁺/A^+flox mice (line 4258/1).

Implantation of Telemetry Probes and Recording of Blood Pressure by Telemetry
Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg), the catheter (Data Sciences International) was placed into the left common carotid artery,¹³ and the transmitter was placed subcutaneously along the left flank.¹⁴ Mice were given 48 hours to recover, after which time heart rate and arterial pressure were continuously recorded (sampling every 5-minute for 20-second intervals). Data were collected and stored using Dataquest ART. Basal blood pressure was collected for 3 days, after which they were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and a catheter (PE10) was inserted into the right jugular vein for administration of Adcre. The catheter was removed and the vein tied off with two silk ligatures (6 to 0, Braintree Scientific). Mice were allowed to recover until blood pressure reached baseline (6 to 8 hours), and then were continuously monitored for 21 days. Blood pressure was determined by the average of each individual sampling segment over a 24-hour period.

RNase Protection Assay
A commercially available RNase protection assay kit (RPA III, Ambion) was used to quantify hAGT mRNA in 15 µg of total tissue RNA. Probes for hAGT exon-2 or -5 were partial cDNA sequences amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). For liver, a 204-bp fragment (coordinates 339 to 542) was used to detect exon-2, and a 236-bp fragment (coordinates 1531 to 1766) was used to detect exon-5. For kidney, a 352-bp fragment (coordinates 191 to 542) was used to detect exon-2. The 28S rRNA (protected fragment 115 bp) was used as the housekeeping control in all assays (template obtained from Ambion).

Statistical Analysis
All blood pressure data are presented as mean±SE. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t test or by ANOVA using the SigmaStat software package.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Blood pressure was measured in two lines of hAGT^flox mice that exhibited marked differences in the plasma level of hAGT and the magnitude of expression of hAGT mRNA in the liver.¹² The 4284/1 line exhibits a 20-fold higher plasma level of hAGT protein than the 4258/1 line. Both lines were bred with mice expressing the same hREN transgene.¹⁵ Despite the difference in hAGT expression, the blood pressure of double transgenic mice derived from either line was similar and averaged 157±3 mm Hg versus 122±2 mm Hg (4284/1), and 155±5.3 mm Hg versus 116±3 mm Hg (4258/1), double transgenic versus control, respectively (Figure 1).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Baseline arterial pressure in R+/A+flox mice. Resting MAP in R+/A+flox mice in line 4258/1 (filled bar, n=7) and line 4284/1 (filled bar, n=3) and their littermate controls (open bars, n=8 for 4258/1 and n=4 for 4284/1) was measured by fluid-filled catheter. *P<0.05 vs controls.

We next determined the effect of Adcre on blood pressure in double transgenic mice from the 4258/1 line. Baseline blood pressure averaged 161±7 mm Hg for the control period and was not significantly changed on days 1 (159±8 mm Hg) and 2 (160±6 mm Hg) after administration of Adcre (Figure 2). The blood pressure significantly fell by 29 and 33 mm Hg on days 3 (131±8 mm Hg) and 4 (127±8 mm Hg) post-Adcre.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Acute arterial pressure response to Adcre. MAP was measured by fluid-filled catheter before and each day after intravenous administration of Adcre (n=4). The time of Adcre administration is indicated. * P<0.05 vs pretreatment baseline arterial pressure.

To extend our finding that Adcre can acutely decrease blood pressure in this model, we needed to develop a methodology that would allow for the long-term measurement of blood pressure. We therefore used radiotelemetry to record blood pressure for a period up to 21 days post-Adcre in a separate group of R⁺/A^+flox mice from the 4258/1 line. Procedures for the implantation and validation of radiotelemetry in mice have been reported.^13,14 In particular, we were interested in determining whether blood pressure would remain low chronically or gradually rise after administration of Adcre. Twenty-four hour blood pressure in six individual mice is shown in Figure 3A. Baseline blood pressure ranged from 148 to 166 mm Hg. A significant drop in blood pressure was observed in 5 mice after Adcre, whereas 1 mouse (No. 12947/1) exhibited little decrease in blood pressure in response to Adcre. In 2 mice (Nos. 12716/3 and 14782/2), shorter blood pressure measurements were obtained owing to telemeter failure (battery failure in one and transmitter failure in the other). The maximum depressor response to Adcre administration occurred between days 4 and 8 post-Adcre, at which time blood pressure gradually began to rise in each mouse. Importantly, administration of an adenovirus contain the bacterial lacZ gene (Adßgal) had no effect on blood pressure in R⁺/A^+flox mice over a 14-day period (data not shown).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Chronic arterial pressure response to Adcre. MAP was measured by radiotelemetry continuously for 3 days before and for up to 21 days after intravenous administration of Adcre (n=6). A 24-hour blood pressure mean is indicated. The time of Adcre administration is indicated as time=0. A, Blood pressure response in each of 6 individual mice. B, Summary data from the group (n=6).

A summary of the group data are shown in Figure 3B. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure for the whole group over the 3-day control period averaged 163±3 mm Hg and decreased to 145±6 mm Hg on day 2 post-Adcre. Blood pressure decreased to 138±4 mm Hg on day 8 post-Adcre, after which time it began to increase daily until it averaged 151±2 mm Hg on day 21 post-Adcre.

We also examined the 24-hour circadian rhythms of mean arterial pressure under baseline conditions and after administration of Adcre (Figure 4). A modest circadian rhythm was observed under control conditions with daytime and nighttime mean arterial pressures averaging 160±5 and 170±4 mm Hg. The magnitude of the circadian rhythm appears enhanced after administration of Adcre. Likely, this occurred because the control data were obtained 2 days after surgery whereas normal circadian rhythm can take up to 7 days post surgery to return to normal.¹⁴ Despite this, administration of Adcre clearly decreased both daytime (129±4 mm Hg) and nighttime (152±4) mean arterial pressure on day 9 post-Adcre. Although both parameters gradually increased over the next two weeks, only the nocturnal blood pressure nearly reached the pretreatment baseline (163±5 mm Hg), whereas a modest decrease in daytime blood pressure was retained (139±4 versus 160±5 mm Hg).

View larger version (46K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Circadian rhythm of arterial pressure in response to Adcre. Twelve-hour arterial pressure during the light (white background) and dark (yellow background) cycles was measured before (red line) and after (blue line) Adcre (n=6).

We considered that the increase in blood pressure after the initial Adcre-mediated drop may be due to several mechanisms. First, it could reflect the activation of tissue RAS pathways. Indeed, even after depletion of hepatic and circulating AGT, AGT would remain in kidney and brain (among other tissues). AGT over-expression in either tissue alone can cause a rise in blood pressure.^9,11 Second, the blood pressure elevation may reflect restoration of the circulating RAS, due either to loss of cre expression long term, or repopulation of the liver by AGT expressing hepatocytes. Recall that circulating AGT is almost exclusively derived from the liver.¹² To distinguish these possibilities, we determined the level of hAGT mRNA in the liver and kidney of control, Adßgal, and Adcre treated mice. The exon-2 probe hybridizes to a region of hAGT mRNA deleted by cre-recombinase, while the exon 5 probe detects a region of hAGT mRNA retained even after deletion. We previously reported that a stable hAGT mRNA is retained (but lacking exon-2) after cre-mediated recombination.¹² Although the hAGT mRNA in the liver was ablated after acute (5-day) administration of Adcre, there was no difference in the level of hAGT mRNA in the liver of chronic Adcre and Adßgal treated mice (Figure 5). As expected, no significant differences in the levels of kidney hAGT mRNA were detected between the groups. These data suggest that the increase in blood pressure is most likely due to repopulation of the liver with hepatocytes containing an intact hAGT gene.

View larger version (87K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Expression of hAGTflox in liver and kidney. Expression of hAGT was assessed by RNase protection assay (RPA) in liver and kidney as indicated. An exon-2 and exon-5 probe was used to distinguish between full-length undeleted hAGT mRNA and hAGT containing the exon-2 deleted caused by recombination of the transgene at the genomic level. Acute treatment reflects single transgenic hAGTflox mice treated with Adcre (C) or Adßgal (ß) for 5 days. Chronic reflects treatment of R+/A+flox double transgenic mice for up to 21 days (mice euthanized at end of telemetry period). The position of the hAGT and 28S specific products is indicated. RPAs were quantified using a phosphorimager, and the ratio of hAGT to 28S was compared between mice chronically treated Adcre and Adßgal. There was no significant difference between the ratio of hAGT to 28S among either group (liver exon 2 to 1.5 vs 1.9; liver exon 5 to 2.0 vs 2.4; kidney exon 2 to 0.6 vs 0.7; each comparison Adcre vs Adßgal).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
RAS is thought to regulate blood pressure through several mechanisms, including its effects in the systemic vasculature, kidney, and brain. Recent studies have indicated that several of these tissues have the capacity to generate Ang II locally, but the relative importance of the systemic versus tissue RAS in the regulation of blood pressure has yet to be fully understood.^16,17 We have previously generated a model of Ang II-dependent hypertension by expressing both the hREN and hAGT genes in transgenic mice.³ The double transgenic mice exhibit increased blood pressure and elevated levels of circulating Ang II, which we initially hypothesized was the cause of the increased blood pressure in this model. However, recent experimental evidence in this model suggests that a tissue RAS in the brain may be involved in the development and maintenance of hypertension.⁸ In addition, R⁺/A⁺ mice exhibit severe endothelial dysfunction that may also play a role in the maintenance of hypertension long term.¹⁸

We have used two approaches to experimentally separate tissue RAS from the circulating RAS. First, we used cell-specific promoters to specifically target expression of RAS components to specific cell types. Using this approach, we demonstrated that specific overexpression of AGT in the kidney or brain can cause hypertension without any elevation in either plasma AGT or Ang II.^9,11 The second approach was to generate cell-specific knockouts of RAS components and assess the physiological consequences of their loss on cardiovascular function. To this end, we developed transgenic mice in which we could perform tissue-specific deletion of the hAGT gene using the cre-loxP recombinase system (hAGT^flox).¹²

We determined basal blood pressure in two lines of double transgenic R⁺/A^+flox mice that markedly differed in the level of expression of the hAGT^flox transgene and plasma levels of hAGT protein. One line, 4284/1, exhibits high level hAGT expression in the liver and has plasma levels of hAGT protein that are 20 times higher than that of the lower expressing line, 4258/1. Despite this, double transgenic R⁺/A^+flox mice derived from each line exhibited an equivalent rise in baseline blood pressure. It is possible that the level of hREN protein in the plasma is rate limiting in the generation of Ang II from hAGT in vivo, and thus both lines have similar levels of plasma Ang II. Alternatively, the plasma level of Ang II in each line, while different, may be sufficiently above the plateau needed to increase blood pressure.

Since we determined that double transgenic mice containing the hAGT^flox transgene were hypertensive, our next goal was to determine the effect of elimination of circulating hAGT protein on blood pressure in this model by specifically deleting the hAGT^flox transgene in the liver. We have previously reported that deletion of the hAGT^flox transgene in the liver significantly decreases the levels of detectable hAGT protein in the plasma, and that extrahepatic tissues do not make a significant contribution to circulating hAGT levels.¹² These studies were performed in the 4258/1 line because of the more physiologically relevant levels of hAGT in the plasma. When measured using fluid-filled catheters, administration of Adcre significantly decreased blood pressure by 30 mm Hg on day 3 after administration. This pattern of blood pressure reduction mirrored the effect of Adcre on plasma levels of hAGT protein that was previously observed in single transgenic hAGT^flox mice.¹²

To determine whether the tissue RAS would be able to increase blood pressure in the absence of elevated circulating levels of Ang II, we needed to perform chronic blood pressure measurements in Adcre-treated R⁺/A^+flox mice. This aim was accomplished by the use of radiotelemetry, which allowed us to measure 24-hour blood pressure continuously for 21 days after Adcre administration. Using this method, we were able to detect a decrease in blood pressure on day 2 post-Adcre. This fall is not due to adenovirus administration, as there was no decrease in arterial pressure after administration of Adßgal. Blood pressure continued to fall until day 8 post-Adcre, at which time it increased daily until it was back to 90% of control by day 21 post-Adcre. It is interesting to note that the blood pressure response to Adcre administration was detected earlier in the animals instrumented with telemeters than in those instrumented with fluid-filled catheters. This may be due to the different sampling periods of the 2 methods. The telemetry readings are the average of a 24-hour period, while blood pressure was measured for a single 2-hour interval each morning with the fluid-filled catheters.

The increase in blood pressure after day 8 post-Adcre could potentially be explained by two different mechanisms. The first would be increases in blood pressure due to the effects of tissue RAS and the second mechanism would be turnover of hepatocytes in the liver that would restore the circulating levels of hAGT thus increasing circulating Ang II. We attempted to differentiate between these two alternatives by examining the levels of hAGT mRNA in the liver at the conclusion of the chronic experimental protocol. Absence of detectable levels of hAGT mRNA in the liver would lead us to hypothesize that the observed increased in blood pressure may be due to the actions of the tissue RAS, whereas the presence of hAGT mRNA would suggest restoration of hAGT-expressing hepatocytes and circulating hAGT. Previous data, as well as data in the acute Adcre mice indicate the absence of hAGT mRNA on days 5 to 7 post-Adcre administration.¹² The absence of hAGT mRNA in the liver correlates with the reduction of blood pressure in Adcre-treated mice as measured by both techniques. Further analysis of hAGT mRNA levels in the chronic Adcre-treated mice revealed the presence of normal levels of hepatic hAGT mRNA on days 19 to 21. This would suggest that the increase in blood pressure observed in these mice is likely due to regeneration of the hAGT mRNA in the liver, increase in the plasma levels of hAGT, and the subsequent increase in circulating levels of Ang II.

Given the presence of normal levels of hAGT mRNA in the liver, we believe that the liver became repopulated with hAGT-expressing hepatocytes. Although we cannot rule out loss of Adcre as a mechanism, previous studies using adenoviral therapy to target the liver have documented gene expression well past 21 days.¹⁹ Moreover, expression of cre-recombinase should only be required transiently, since the genetic modification in the hepatocytes genome should be permanent and thus irreparable. Recent studies have indicated that the high levels of cre-recombinase expression in mammalian cells can lead to DNA damage and growth inhibition due to recombination at pseudo-loxP sites present in the mammalian genome.²⁰ Since the expression of the cre-recombinase in the Adcre vector is under the control of the CMV promoter, it is possible that the high level of cre expression leads to increased turnover of infected hepatocytes and replenishment with hepatocytes that contain a normal hAGT transgene. High levels of cre-recombinase are easily detected in Adcre-infected liver cells (D.E. Stec and C.D. Sigmund, unpublished data, 2000). A transgenic model using the albumin promoter to endogenously express the cre-recombinase has previously been reported to cause the efficient deletion of a floxed glucokinase gene.²¹ Expression of cre-recombinase in this model was only detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction generating a radiolabeled polymerase chain reaction product, and there was no indication of altered hepatocyte morphology or function in these transgenic mice. The use of a transgenic mouse expressing cre-recombinase in the liver chronically would be the next logical step in these experiments.

In conclusion, acute deletion of the hAGT^flox transgene in the liver of double transgenic R⁺/A^+flox mice causes a reduction in blood pressure that lasts for 8 days after administration, at which time the blood pressure increases daily until it is nearly increased to control levels at day 21 after administration. This increase in blood pressure is presumably due to regeneration of hAGT expression in the liver and restoration of plasma Ang II levels. It seems that the use of adenoviral gene therapy to delete the hAGT^flox transgene in the liver is not a viable method to determine the chronic effect of the tissue RAS on the development and maintenance of hypertension in this model. This will have to be accomplished in triple transgenic mice that endogenously express the cre-recombinase in the liver. Studies using the R⁺/A^+flox in conjunction with albumin promoter cre-recombinase (and other cell-specific promoters) transgenic mice are already in progress.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL58048, HL61446, HL55006). C.S. was an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. D.S. and H.K. were funded by postdoctoral fellowships from the NIH. Transgenic mice were generated and maintained at the University of Iowa Transgenic Animal Facility, supported in part by the College of Medicine and the Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center. Adcre and Adßgal viruses were provided by the University of Iowa Vector Core under the direction of Dr Beverly L. Davidson. We would like to thank Norma Sinclair, Lucy Robbins, Patricia Lovell, Brandon Campbell, Debbie Davis, and Xiaoji Zhang for their excellent technical assistance. We also thank Dr Robin L. Davisson for assistance and instruction with the telemetry implant surgery.

Received September 23, 2001; first decision November 7, 2001; accepted November 21, 2001.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Mullins JJ, Peters J, Ganten D. Fulminant hypertension in transgenic rats harbouring the mouse Ren-2 gene. Nature. 1990; 344: 541–544.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Fukamizu A, Sugimura K, Takimoto E, Sugiyama F, Seo M-S, Takahashi S, Hatae T, Kajiwara N, Yagami K, Murakami K. Chimeric renin-angiotensin system demonstrates sustained increase in blood pressure of transgenic mice carrying both human renin and human angiotensinogen genes. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 11617–11621.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Merrill DC, Thompson MW, Carney C, Schlager G, Robillard JE, Sigmund CD. Chronic hypertension and altered baroreflex responses in transgenic mice containing the human renin and human angiotensinogen genes. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 1047–1055.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

4. Dzau VJ. Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation. 1988; 77 (suppl I): I4–I13.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

5. Unger T, Ganten D, Lang RE, Scholkens BA. Persistent tissue converting enzyme inhibition following treatment with Hoe498 and MK421 in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardio Pharmacol. 1985; 7: 36–40.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Brunner HR, Gavras H, Waeber A. Oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in long-term treatment of hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med. 1979; 2: 1317–1325.

7. Yang G, Merrill DC, Thompson MW, Robillard JE, Sigmund CD. Functional expression of the human angiotensinogen gene in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269: 32497–32502.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Davisson RL, Yang G, Beltz TG, Cassell MD, Johnson AK, Sigmund CD. The brain renin-angiotensin system contributes to the hypertension exhibited by mice containing both human renin and human angiotensinogen transgenes. Circ Res. 1998; 83: 1047–1058.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Davisson RL, Ding Y, Stec DE, Catterall JF, Sigmund CD. Novel mechanism of hypertension revealed by cell-specific targeting of human angiotensinogen in transgenic mice. Physiol Genomics. 1999; 1: 3–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Ding Y, Davisson RL, Hardy DO, Zhu L-J, Merrill DC, Catterall JF, Sigmund CD. The kidney androgen-regulated protein (KAP) promoter confers renal proximal tubule cell-specific and highly androgen-responsive expression on the human angiotensinogen gene in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 28142–28148.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Morimoto S, Cassell MD, Beltz TG, Johnson AK, Davisson RL, Sigmund CD. Elevated blood pressure in transgenic mice with brain-specific expression of human angiotensinogen driven by the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 365–372.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Stec DE, Davisson RL, Haskell RE, Davidson BL, Sigmund CD. Efficient liver-specific deletion of a floxed human angiotensinogen transgene by adenoviral delivery of cre-recombinase in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 21285–21290.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Carlson SH, Wyss JM. Long-term telemetric recording of arterial pressure and heart rate in mice fed basal and high NaCl diets. Hypertension. 2000; 35: e1–e5.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

14. Butz GM, Davisson RL. Long-term telemetric measurement of cardiovascular parameters in awake mice: a physiological genomics tool. Physiol Genomics. 2001; 5: 89–97.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Sigmund CD, Jones CA, Kane CM, Wu C, Lang JA, Gross KW. Regulated tissue- and cell-specific expression of the human renin gene in transgenic mice. Circ Res. 1992; 70: 1070–1079.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Navar LG, Imig JD, Wang CT. Intrarenal production of angiotensin II. Sem Nephrol. 1997; 17: 412–422.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

17. Baltatu O, Janssen BJ, Bricca G, Plehm R, Monti J, Ganten D, Bader M. Alterations in blood pressure and heart rate variability in transgenic rats with low brain angiotensinogen. Hypertension. 2001; 37: 408–413.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

18. Didion SP, Sigmund CD, Faraci FM. Impaired endothelial function in transgenic mice expressing both human renin and human angiotensinogen. Stroke. 2000; 31: 760–764.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Wheeler MD, Nakagami M, Bradford BU, Uesugi T, Mason RP, Connor HD, Dikalova A, Kadiiska M, Thurman RG. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase prevents alcohol- induced liver injury in the rat. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 36664–36672.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

20. Loonstra A, Vooijs M, Beverloo HB, Allak BA, van Drunen E, Kanaar R, Berns A, Jonkers J. Growth inhibition and DNA damage induced by Cre recombinase in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98: 9209–9214.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Postic C, Shiota M, Niswender KD, Jetton TL, Chen Y, Moates JM, Shelton KD, Lindner J, Cherrington AD, Magnuson MA. Dual roles for glucokinase in glucose homeostasis as determined by liver and pancreatic beta cell-specific gene knock-outs using Cre recombinase. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 305–315.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. E. Dickson, X. Tian, X. Liu, D. R. Davis, and C. D. Sigmund Upstream Stimulatory Factor Is Required for Human Angiotensinogen Expression and Differential Regulation by the A-20C Polymorphism Circ. Res., October 24, 2008; 103(9): 940 - 947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Grobe, D. Xu, and C. D. Sigmund An Intracellular Renin-Angiotensin System in Neurons: Fact, Hypothesis, or Fantasy Physiology, August 1, 2008; 23(4): 187 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Vera, S. Kelsen, L. L. Yanes, J. F. Reckelhoff, and D. E. Stec HO-1 induction lowers blood pressure and superoxide production in the renal medulla of angiotensin II hypertensive mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1472 - R1478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-M. Lalouel and A. Rohrwasser Genetic Susceptibility to Essential Hypertension: Insight From Angiotensinogen Hypertension, March 1, 2007; 49(3): 597 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Sinnayah, E. Lazartigues, K. Sakai, R. V. Sharma, C. D. Sigmund, and R. L. Davisson Genetic Ablation of Angiotensinogen in the Subfornical Organ of the Brain Prevents the Central Angiotensinergic Pressor Response Circ. Res., November 10, 2006; 99(10): 1125 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Mullins, M. A. Bailey, and J. J. Mullins Hypertension, Kidney, and Transgenics: A Fresh Perspective Physiol Rev, April 1, 2006; 86(2): 709 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Lavoie, X. Liu, R. A. Bianco, T. G. Beltz, A. K. Johnson, and C. D. Sigmund Evidence Supporting a Functional Role for Intracellular Renin in the Brain Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 461 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sherrod, D. R. Davis, X. Zhou, M. D. Cassell, and C. D. Sigmund Glial-specific ablation of angiotensinogen lowers arterial pressure in renin and angiotensinogen transgenic mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): R1763 - R1769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Yoneda, H. Sanada, J. Yatabe, S. Midorikawa, S. Hashimoto, M. Sasaki, T. Katoh, T. Watanabe, P. M. Andrews, P. A. Jose, et al. Differential Effects of Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Antisense Oligonucleotides on Renal Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 58 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Vera, M. Taylor, Q. Bohman, A. Flasch, R. J. Roman, and D. E. Stec Fenofibrate Prevents the Development of Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension in Mice Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 730 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Lavoie, K. D. Lake-Bruse, and C. D. Sigmund Increased blood pressure in transgenic mice expressing both human renin and angiotensinogen in the renal proximal tubule Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): F965 - F971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Bianco, H. L. Keen, J. L. Lavoie, and C. D. Sigmund Untraditional methods for targeting the kidney in transgenic mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): F1027 - F1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Lavoie and C. D. Sigmund Minireview: Overview of the Renin-Angiotensin System--An Endocrine and Paracrine System Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2179 - 2183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Stec, D. E. Articles by Sigmund, C. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Stec, D. E. Articles by Sigmund, C. D. Related Collections Animal models of human disease Functional genomics Genetically altered mice Hypertension - basic studies Gene therapy Genetics of cardiovascular disease