Published online before print January 20, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000051501.20424.5D
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Hypertension. 2003;41:279.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors Mediate Cardiopulmonary Vagal Reflex Actions of ANP
From Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Correspondence to Dr R.L. Woods, Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. E-mail r.woods{at}hfi.unimelb.edu.au
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) potentiates vagal cardiopulmonary reflexes due to chemosensory (Bezold-Jarisch [B-J] reflex) or mechanosensory (ramp baroreflex) activation. The ANP receptor mediating these actions is unknown. We examined the role of particulate guanylyl-cyclase (pGC) receptors in ANP-induced enhancement of cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes. Cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflex function was assessed by bradycardic responses to ramp blood pressure rises after rapid intravenous methoxamine (100 µg/kg bolus dose). The B-J reflex was evoked by 3 intravenous doses of serotonin (1 to 10 µg/kg). In conscious, chronically instrumented rats (n=9), these tests were performed on each animal during randomized infusions of rat ANP (150 ng/kg per minute IV), saline (270 µL/h IV), the pGC receptor antagonist HS-142-1 (3 mg/kg IV), or combined HS-142-1+ANP treatment. HS-142-1 alone attenuated normal B-J reflex (by 33±8%, P<0.05) but not ramp baroreflex responses. As we showed previously, ANP enhanced baroreflex and B-J reflex bradycardia (by
140% and 30%, respectively, P<0.05), compared with saline infusion. These ANP effects were completely blocked by HS-142-1, demonstrating that the cardiopulmonary vagal reflex actions of ANP occurred through pGC natriuretic peptide receptors. Additionally, we have provided evidence for the first time that pGC natriuretic peptide receptors are essential for the full expression of the B-J reflex but not for that of cardiopulmonary vagal baroreflexes. This tonic interaction between pGC natriuretic peptide receptors and cardiopulmonary chemosensitive receptors may be important during pathophysiological activation of B-J reflex, such as with myocardial infarction.
Key Words: atrial natriuretic factor • autonomic nervous system • baroreflex • bradycardia • cyclic GMP • natriuretic peptides
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In previous studies, we1–5 and others (for reviews see Volpe6 and Clemo et al7) presented evidence that the cardiac natriuretic peptides play a role in reflex control of heart rate (HR). We demonstrated that all 3 natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP], B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and C-type natriuretic peptide [CNP]) sensitize cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes to slow HR.4,5 There are 3 known natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes: A (NPA), B (NPB), and C (NPC).8 Most of the well-known biological actions, such as vasodilation and natriuresis, of the natriuretic peptides occur subsequent to stimulating the production of the second-messenger cyclic guanosine 3' 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), through particulate guanylyl-cyclase (pGC)-coupled receptors (the NPA and NPB receptors). The NPC receptor fulfills the role of a clearance receptor for the 3 natriuretic peptides.9 In addition, while not having guanylyl-cyclase activity, this receptor has been reported to influence 3 signal-transducing systems: phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase, and calcium channels.9 The NPC receptor is proposed to be a physiological regulator of activities such as adrenergic transmission, renin and progesterone secretion, and platelet aggregation.9
Although there is a growing body of literature linking natriuretic peptide receptors to the more widely known cardiovascular and renal actions of ANP, BNP, and CNP,10–15 the nature of the natriuretic peptide receptors involved in the HR reflex activities of these hormones has not been studied or reported in the literature. Since BNP and CNP share with ANP the ability to enhance reflex bradycardic responses,4,5 a common receptor may mediate these effects. In the present studies, the contribution from the guanylyl cyclase receptors to the cardiopulmonary vagal baroreflex and chemoreflex (Bezold-Jarisch [B-J]) actions of ANP was investigated. HS-142-1 was used to selectively antagonize the NPA+NPB guanylyl cyclase–coupled (pGC) receptors.16 HS-142-1 is a polysaccharide microbial product isolated from the culture broth of Aureobasidium species.16 HS-142-1 blocks the vasodilator and renal effects of exogenously administered ANP and BNP and also reverses the changes resulting from augmented endogenous production of ANP and BNP.10,17,18 Although HS-142-1 can exclude a role for the non–guanylyl cyclase receptor NPC,16 this compound does not distinguish between subclasses of the pGC natriuretic peptide receptors. To discriminate between the roles of the NPA and NPB receptors, A71915 was used to selectively block NPA receptors.19,20 A71915 is a structural analog of ANP19 with a binding affinity to rat NPA receptors only 22 times less potent than native rat ANP (1–28).21
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Surgical Preparation
Munich-Wistar rats (age, 14 weeks; weight, 288±6 g) were implanted with jugular vein and abdominal aorta catheters, as previously described,1 under general anesthesia (Equithesin IP, 3 mL/kg diluted with 1:1 saline22). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded from the arterial catheter, and a triple-lumen venous catheter was used to administer drugs to activate cardiopulmonary reflexes and to infuse ANP, saline, or natriuretic peptide receptor blocker with or without ANP. Buprenorphine (Temgesic, 0.1 mg/kg IM, Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals) was administered for pain relief and Neosporin antibiotic ointment (Glaxo Wellcome) was applied to sutured wounds.
Experimental Protocol
Experiments were performed at least 1 week after instrumentation in conscious, unrestrained rats. Mostly the animals had 2 experimental days; however, 3 animals had 4 experimental days since they participated in tests of both natriuretic peptide receptor blockers. Each experimental day involved testing HR reflex responses in the presence of 2 different treatments. A completely randomized protocol was not possible because a treatment without blockade (eg, saline or ANP) could not follow blocker treatment due to the potentially long-lasting nature of their actions. Animals with more than 2 experimental days had a rest day between experiments. Rats receiving HS-142-1 on the first experimental day also had a rest day before completing the second day of testing to eliminate any possible carryover effects of HS-142-1. As described previously,4 phasic blood pressure and HR were recorded continuously with the use of a computerized data acquisition system. A 60-minute period of acclimatization in each rat preceded assessment of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes.
Treatments
In all rats, HR reflex responses to activation of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors (ramp method) and chemoreceptors (B-J reflex) were measured in the presence of alternate infusions of 0.9% saline (270 µL/h IV) or rat ANP (150 ng/kg per minute IV; Phoenix Pharmaceuticals). In one group of 9 rats, the pGC natriuretic peptide receptor antagonist HS-142-1 (3 mg/kg IV bolus every 30 minutes; a gift from Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) with or without ANP was used. To distinguish between contributions from NPA and NPB receptors, the "selective" NPA receptor antagonist A71915 (10 µg/kg IV bolus injection followed by 10 µg/kg per minute IV infusion, Abbot Laboratories) with or without ANP was used in 7 rats.
HR Reflex Techniques
Cardiopulmonary baroreceptor ("ramp") and chemoreceptor (B-J) HR reflexes were assessed by methodology we previously described.2 For the "ramp" method, rats were given 3 replicate fast injections of methoxamine (100 µg/kg IV doses; Sigma), resulting in rapid increases in MAP and reflex falls in HR. Linear regression analysis was applied to the data, with a 0.5-second delay fitting HR responses to MAP changes.23 Baroreflex sensitivity was determined from the slope of the relation between these 2 variables. The average of the best 2 or 3 ramps (based on comparable rate of blood pressure change) was taken as ramp gain or sensitivity in each case for further analysis. The B-J reflex was activated by bolus injections of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), creatinine sulfate complex, Sigma Chemical Co, 1 to 14 µg/kg IV), producing dose-dependent HR reductions. Although there was variability between animals in responses to 5-HT, identical doses of 5-HT were used for all treatments within each rat. The same 3 doses of 5-HT in each animal were selected for analysis, covering a range of responsiveness from just above threshold, to intermediate, to maximal.
Statistical Analysis
Except where indicated, values are mean±SEM. Data for B-J experiments were analyzed by 3-factor ANOVA, with the use of SigmaStat (Version 2.03, SPSS Inc). The 3 factors were rat, treatment, and dose. Significant effects of treatments were determined by Bonferroni t test with adjustment for multiple comparisons. The ramp sensitivities were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with factors being rat and treatment. Orthogonal partitioning of the sums of squares was used to determine significant effects of treatment with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.2 Significant effects were taken at the level of P<0.05.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Effect of HS-142-1
In the group of 9 rats tested for the effects of HS-142-1, average MAP was 116±2 mm Hg and HR was 344±10 bpm during saline infusion. Compared with their own preinfusion control levels, neither HS-142-1 alone nor ANP alone significantly altered resting MAP or HR (Table 1). Combined HS-142-1+ANP treatment, however, caused a small but significant (P<0.05) fall in resting MAP (Table 1); resting HR also tended to fall with combined treatment, but these changes did not reach significance (Table 1).
|
HS-142-1 treatment alone had no significant effect on ramp baroreflex gain compared with saline (difference of 0.23±0.41 bpm/mm Hg; Figure 1 and Table 1). ANP, alone, enhanced ramp gain by 2.4-fold (P<0.05; Figure 1 and Table 1), and this facilitation was completely absent in the presence of HS-142-1 (Figure 1 and Table 1). The average rate of rise in MAP and the blood pressure range achieved during the phenylephrine ramps were similar across treatments (Table 1).
|
Significant differences (P<0.05) from saline or from combined HS-142-1+ANP infusion, respectively.In the presence of saline, 5-HT decreased resting HR by 14±3, 108±28, and 209±20 bpm in response to low, medium, and high doses, respectively (Figure 2A). The average reflex bradycardia over all doses was -110±24 bpm (Figure 2B and Table 1). The mean doses of 5-HT into the jugular vein to achieve these changes were 2.9±0.6, 6.5±0.5, and 10.3±0.7 µg/kg. Mean changes in MAP recorded at the time of maximum bradycardia to low, medium, and high doses were -2±1, -5±1, and -30±6 mm Hg, respectively (Figure 3A), with average of -13±4 mm Hg over all the doses (Figure 3B and Table 1). HS-142-1 given alone significantly reduced mean chemoreflex bradycardia to 5-HT compared with saline infusion (by 38±11 bpm, P<0.05; Figure 2B and Table 1). In addition, HS-142-1 given alone significantly reduced the average hypotensive response to 5-HT compared with saline infusion (by 8±2 mm Hg, P<0.05, Figure 3B and Table 1). As shown previously,2,3,23 ANP infusion significantly augmented the B-J reflex bradycardia (average of -143±24 bpm over all doses; P<0.05), although the accompanying hypotension was not significantly augmented (Figure 2B and Table 1). In the presence of HS-142-1, the ANP enhancement of the B-J reflex was completely prevented. Reflex bradycardia and hypotension to 5-HT in the presence of combined HS-142-1+ANP infusions were not significantly different from control 5-HT responses with saline infusion (Figures 2B and 3B and Table 1).
|
|
Effect of A71915
We found that A71915 behaved with partial agonist action since, when given alone, it potentiated the ramp baroreflex (by 87%, Table 2) and B-J reflex (by 45%, Table 2), just like ANP did when given alone (by 70% and 25%, respectively, Table 2). Reflex responses with combined ANP and A71915 (10 µg/kg per minute) infusions were not different from responses evoked with either of these agents alone (Table 2). Since either peptide (ANP or A71915) may have caused close to maximum facilitation of the reflexes, we could not determine whether A71915 blocked any further effects of ANP. A 10-fold–lower dose of A71915 in 3 rats still showed intrinsic activity and did not block ANP-induced facilitation of cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes. We concluded that this lower dose of A71915 was insufficient to block ANP actions and yet still had agonist properties. Because of this complication of agonist properties of A71915, even at the lower dose, these experiments were not continued in more animals.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A major finding of these studies was that HS-142-1 blocked the ability of ANP to enhance reflex bradycardic responses, demonstrating a particulate guanylyl cyclase-coupled (pGC) receptor mechanism for ANP effects on cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes. This was true for both mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes. The present study also introduces the novel concept that these pGC natriuretic peptide receptors may be tonically active and demonstrates that this tonic activity is essential for full expression of 5-HT3–activated cardiopulmonary chemoreflexes.
What is the location of the pGC natriuretic peptide receptors that potentiate cardiopulmonary reflexes? The possibilities include sites influencing afferent, efferent, or central pathways. In the case of central pathways, we only need to consider actions at sites accessible by blood-borne peptide or receptor antagonist, that is, the sensory circumventricular organs (area postrema, subfornical organ, and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis24), which lack a blood-brain barrier. In particular, the area postrema has natriuretic peptide binding sites with pharmacological characteristics of the NPA and NPB but not the NPC receptor subtypes.25 Commonalities in central connections of cardiopulmonary mechanosensitive and chemosensitive afferent pathways make this an interesting possibility, although there is no evidence yet either for or against it.
Although it is true that both mechanoreceptor- and chemoreceptor-driven cardiopulmonary reflexes may be expected to inhibit sympathetic activity, heart rate itself responds only very sluggishly to sympathoinhibition.26 The rapid bradycardias (1 second rise time) measured in the present experiments were therefore parasympathetically mediated. Some evidence27 suggests that ANP could act by enhancing cardiac vagal efferent neurotransmission. Atchison and Ackermann27 found that ANP, infused into rats at twice the dose used in the present study, potentiated the bradycardia in response to direct stimulation of the efferent vagus. On the other hand, Herring et al28 found no effect of even high doses of ANP on efferent vagal transmission to guinea pig hearts in vitro. It remains possible that ANP could act in vivo to antagonize some factor not present in vitro, such as tonic 
1 presynaptic modulation, perhaps at the level of the cardiac ganglia.29 When the direct influence of sympathetic nerves was tested in vivo, however, no effect of ANP action on vagal efferent transmission could be detected.27 Any role for sympathetic nerves in the action of ANP on cardiopulmonary heart rate reflexes thus seems unlikely.
Against the view that ANP acts on efferent vagal transmission, at least in the lower doses used in the present study, is the finding that ANP does not potentiate arterial baroreflex bradycardia (measured by the steady-state method).1–3 Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that ANP has its action by selective potentiation of efferent transmission in a subset of parasympathetic neurons that are not accessed by arterial baroreceptors (eg, C-fiber cardiac vagal efferents30). Despite this, we consider it more likely that ANP’s main action is through pGC natriuretic peptide receptors on, or closely associated with, cardiac vagal afferent terminals. This latter hypothesis would most economically explain why ANP acts to enhance cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes but not those from arterial receptors2,3 and unifies it with the well-accepted role of cardiopulmonary afferents in the sympathoinhibitory actions of ANP.31 The pGC natriuretic peptide receptors need not be on the afferent terminals themselves. They could be located in cardiac tissue close to the vagal afferent terminals and release some intermediary factor such as nitric oxide or prostaglandins to enhance afferent excitability. Although pGC natriuretic peptide receptors have been found recently in human coronary artery tissue32 (the most effective access route to afferents triggering the B-J reflex), it is not known whether there are pGC natriuretic peptide on cardiac sensory afferents themselves. All 3 natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes are present in atrial and ventricular tissue of rat and human hearts33 as well as in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts,34 but there is no evidence to date to show the existence of pGC natriuretic peptide receptors on cardiac autonomic nerves.
A link between ANP, cardiac 5-HT3 receptors, and cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes has been suggested by other investigators. Deliva and Ackermann35 reported that the B-J–like reflex effects of bolus intravenous doses of ANP were reduced when Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, was administered either into the pericardium or intravenously. These workers proposed that blood-borne ANP, or a secondary substance released by ANP, acts on 5-HT3 receptors located on chemosensory vagal afferents in the myocardium to cause bradycardia and sympathoinhibition.35 This proposal is consistent with our present findings that 5-HT3 sensitivity and pGC natriuretic peptide receptor activity are closely linked. It is possible that pGC natriuretic peptide receptors and 5-HT3 receptors are in close proximity to, and may communicate directly with, each other on the chemosensory afferents themselves. (Nearly all vagal afferent neurons are known to express 5-HT3 receptors.36) Alternatively, perhaps coronary vascular pGC natriuretic peptide receptors talk indirectly to 5-HT3 chemosensory afferents. Regardless of the means by which cardiopulmonary chemosensory pathways and pGC natriuretic peptide receptors communicate, our results take the role of natriuretic peptides firmly out of the pharmacological and into the physiological sphere. This may mean that only modest activation of the chemosensory afferents, for example by low levels of serotonin that might be released from platelets, is required for an effective B-J reflex response, provided there is tonic sensitization from pGC natriuretic peptide receptors.
It is a novel concept that tonically active pGC natriuretic peptide receptors, presumably driven by endogenous ANP, BNP, or CNP, modulate cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes. Since we have shown previously that exogenous ANP,2,3,5,23 BNP,5 and CNP5 enhance the B-J reflex, the inhibitory effect of HS-142-1 alone on cardiopulmonary chemoreflex function may be attributable to any one of the endogenous natriuretic peptides. Our data show apparently selective tonic effects of HS-142-1 on cardiopulmonary chemosensory reflexes, yet we cannot completely eliminate the possibility that pGC natriuretic peptide receptors also have a tonic effect on mechanoreceptors. Indeed, HS-142-1 blocked the cardiopulmonary baroreflex–sensitizing actions of ANP as well as it blocked the potentiating effects of ANP on the B-J reflex. It may be that our stimulus to the cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors (rapid rise in blood pressure) is not as powerful a stimulus as serotonin is to 5-HT3 receptors on the chemosensory afferents, and therefore any tonic influence of pGC natriuretic peptide receptors on the cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptor pathways is more difficult to measure.
Since there remained no residual activity of ANP in the presence of HS-142-1 on either cardiopulmonary vagal reflex, it seems unlikely that the NPC receptor is involved in the ANP response. Our previous results from comparative studies with the 3 natriuretic peptides4,5 indicated that the NPA receptor was the most likely candidate receptor. The potency ratio for the natriuretic peptides was BNP slightly>ANP>CNP in potentiating either the cardiopulmonary baroreflex in rats4 or the B-J reflex in sheep.5 This potency ratio is not consistent with the primary receptor being the NPB. Nevertheless, we tried to confirm the role of the NPA receptor with the so-called selective NPA receptor antagonist, A71915. It was disappointing to find strong intrinsic activity of A71915 on both cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes, which made any actions that A71915 might have had as an antagonist impossible to interpret. An ANP-like, or partial agonist, action of A71915 has been described for effects on the kidney37,38 and on cardiomyocytes (Rosenkranz, Howard Florey Institute, recent unpublished observations) but not, for example, in splenic vessels20 or vas deferens.39 Although we could see no further effect of ANP in the presence of A71915, we could not conclude that A71915 blocked the action of ANP. It seems much more likely that the intrinsic activity of A71915 near-maximally potentiated vagal reflex activity so that no further effect of ANP could be seen.
In summary, HS-142-1 completely prevented the sensitizing action of ANP on cardiopulmonary vagal reflexes to enhance reflex bradycardia from either chemosensory or mechanosensory activation. It appears, therefore, that the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptors (NPA and/or NPB) and not the NPC receptor mediate the ANP action on HR reflex responses. The natriuretic peptide receptors in the cardiopulmonary chemosensory pathway are tonically active, and this activity is required for full expression of the B-J reflex.
Perspectives
Our results with HS-142-1, showing that pGC natriuretic peptide receptors play a crucial role in the B-J reflex, open new possibilities for manipulating natriuretic peptides and/or their receptors to treat cardiovascular diseases. The B-J reflex is activated as a cardioprotective reflex under a range of conditions such as with myocardial ischemia or infarction,40 during thrombolytic therapy,41 and during syncope.41 It is possible that activation of the B-J reflex tips the sympathovagal balance toward the parasympathetic, thereby reducing the occurrence of tachyarrhythmias, improving coronary perfusion and aiding recovery from acute cardiac ischemia. Under conditions in which pGC natriuretic peptide receptors are reduced, such as in cardiac hypertrophy42 and in atrial fibrillation,43 effectiveness of the B-J reflex activation may be compromised, contributing to declining cardiac function.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was supported by a block grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (No. 983001) and the National Heart Foundation of Australia (No. G01M0375). We thank Greg Thomas, Craig Thompson, and Tony Dornom for care and technical assistance with the animals. We also appreciate the helpful suggestions of Dr Robin McAllen in preparing the manuscript. We are grateful to Dr Satoshi Nakanishi of the Kyowa Hakko & Kogyo Co (Japan) for the generous gift of HS-142-1.
Received August 20, 2002; first decision September 7, 2002; accepted November 27, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Woods RL, Courneya CA, Head GA. Nonuniform enhancement of baroreflex sensitivity by atrial natriuretic peptide in conscious rats and dogs. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267: R678–R686.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Thomas CJ, Rankin AJ, Head GA, Woods RL. ANP enhances bradycardic reflexes in normotensive but not spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1997; 29: 1126–1132.
3. Thomas CJ, Head GA, Woods RL. ANP and bradycardic reflexes in hypertensive rats: influence of cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1998; 32: 548–555.
4. Thomas CJ, Head GA, Woods RL. Similar baroreflex bradycardic actions of atrial natriuretic peptide and B and C types of natriuretic peptides in conscious rats. J Hypertens. 1999; 17: 801–806.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Thomas CJ, May CN, Sharma AD, Woods RL. ANP, BNP, and CNP enhance bradycardic responses to cardiopulmonary chemoreceptor activation in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol. 2001; 280: R282–R288.
6. Volpe M. Atrial natriuretic peptide and the baroreflex control of circulation. Am J Hypertens. 1992; 5: 488–493.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Clemo HF, Baumgarten CM, Ellenbogen KA, Stambler BS. Atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac electrophysiology: autonomic and direct effects. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996; 7: 149–162.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Koller KJ, Goeddel DV. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Circulation. 1992; 86: 1081–1088.
9. Trachte GJ. Physiology of the clearance receptor. In: Samson WK, Levin ER, eds. Contemporary Endocrinology: Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc; 1997: 259–274.
10. Zhang PL, Jimenez W, Mackenzie HS, Guo J, Troy JL, Ros J, Angeli P, Arroyo V, Brenner BM. HS-142-1, a potent antagonist of natriuretic peptides in vitro and in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994; 5: 1099–1105.[Abstract]
11. Anand-Srivastava MB. Atrial natriuretic peptide-C receptor and membrane signalling in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1997; 15: 815–826.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Schulz S. Targeted gene disruption in the development of mouse models to elucidate the role of receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathways in physiological function. Methods. 1999; 19: 551–558.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Melo LG, Steinhelper ME, Pang SC, Tse Y, Ackermann U. ANP in regulation of arterial pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance: lessons from genetic mouse models. Physiol Genom. 2000; 3: 45–58.
14. Izumi T, Saito Y, Kishimoto I, Harada M, Kuwahara K, Hamanaka I, Takahashi N, Kawakami R, Li Y, Takemura G, Fujiwara H, Garbers DL, Mochizuki S, Nakao K. Blockade of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase-A inhibits NF-kappaB activation and alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 203–213.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Pedram A, Razandi M, Levin ER. Natriuretic peptides suppress vascular endothelial cell growth factor signaling to angiogenesis. Endocrinology. 2001; 142: 1578–1586.
16. Morishita Y, Sano T, Ando K, Saitoh Y, Kase H, Yamada K, Matsuda Y. Microbial polysaccharide, HS-142-1, competitively and selectively inhibits ANP binding to its guanylyl cyclase-containing receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991; 176: 949–957.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Imura R, Sano T, Goto J, Yamada K, Matsuda Y. Inhibition by HS-142-1, a novel nonpeptide atrial natriuretic peptide antagonist of microbial origin, of atrial natriuretic peptide-induced relaxation of isolated rabbit aorta through the blockade of guanylyl cyclase-linked receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1992; 42: 982–990.[Abstract]
18. Sano T, Morishita Y, Yamada K, Matsuda Y. Effects of HS-142-1, a novel non-peptide ANP antagonist, on diuresis and natriuresis induced by acute volume expansion in anesthetized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992; 182: 824–829.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. von Geldern TW, Budzik GP, Dillon TP, Holleman WH, Holst MA, Kiso Y, Novosad EI, Opgenorth TJ, Rockway TW, Thomas AM, Yeh S. Atrial natriuretic peptide antagonists: biological evaluation and structural correlations. Mol Pharmacol. 1990; 38: 771–778.[Abstract]
20. Sultanian R, Deng Y, Kaufman S. Atrial natriuretic factor increases splenic microvascular pressure and fluid extravasation in the rat. J Physiol. 2001; 533: 273–280.
21. Delporte C, Winand J, Poloczek P, Von Geldern T, Christophe J. Discovery of a potent atrial natriuretic peptide antagonist for ANPA receptors in the human neuroblastoma NB-OK-1 cell line. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992; 224: 183–188.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
22. Sinnayah P, Burns P, Wade JD, Weisinger RS, McKinley MJ. Water drinking in rats resulting from intravenous relaxin and its modification by other dipsogenic factors. Endocrinology. 1999; 140: 5082–5086.
23. Thomas CJ, Allen AM, McAllen RM, Woods RL. ANP potentiates nonarterial baroreflex bradycardia: evidence from sinoaortic denervation in rats. Auton Neurosci. 2002; 97: 89–98.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. McKinley MJ, Allen AM, Burns P, Colvill LM, Oldfield BJ. Interaction of circulating hormones with the brain: the roles of the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998; 25: S61–S67.[CrossRef]
25. Konrad EM, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL. Atrial natriuretic factor binding sites in rat area postrema: autoradiographic study. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: R747–R755.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Mokrane A, Nadeau R. Dynamics of heart rate response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: H995–H1001.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
27. Atchison DJ, Ackermann U. Influence of atrial natriuretic factor on autonomic control of heart rate. Am J Physiol. 1990; 258: R718–R723.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
28. Herring N, Zaman JA, Paterson DJ. Natriuretic peptides like NO facilitate cardiac vagal neurotransmission and bradycardia via a cGMP pathway. Am J Physiol. 2001; 281: H2318–H2327.
29. Atchison DJ, Ackermann U. The interaction between atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac parasympathetic function. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1993; 42: 81–88.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30. Jones JFX, Wang Y, Jordan D. Activity of C fire vagal efferents in anaesthetised cats and rats. J Physiol. 1998; 507: 869–880.
31. Schultz HD, Gardner DG, Deschepper CF, Coleridge HM, Coleridge JC. Vagal C-fiber blockade abolishes sympathetic inhibition via atrial natriuretic factor. Am J Physiol. 1988; 255: R6–R13.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
32. Casco VH, Neinot JP, Kuroski de Bold ML, Masters RG, Stevenson MM, de Bold AJ. Natriuretic peptide system gene expression in human coronary arteries. J Histochem Cytochem. 2002; 50: 799–800.
33. Nunez DJ, Dickson MC, Brown MJ. Natriuretic peptide receptor mRNAs in the rat and human heart. J Clin Invest. 1992; 90: 1966–1971.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
34. Lin X, Hanze J, Heese F, Sodmann R, Lang RE. Gene expression of natriuretic peptide receptors in myocardial cells. Circ Res. 1995; 77: 750–758.
35. Deliva RD, Ackermann U. Atrial natriuretic peptide and mechanisms of cardiovascular control: role of serotonergic receptors. Am J Physiol. 1998; 274: R711–R717.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
36. Morales M, Wang S-D. Differential composition of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors synthesized in the rat CNS and peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 6732–6741.
37. Endlich K, Steinhausen M. Natriuretic peptide receptors mediate different responses in rat renal microvessels. Kidney Int. 1997; 52: 202–207.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
38. Okwueze MI, Opgenorth TJ, von Geldern TW, Vari RC. Atrial natriuretic peptide and glomerular hyperfiltration during onset of spontaneous diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266: R572–R577.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
39. Trachte GJ. Atrial natriuretic factor alters neurotransmission independently of guanylate cyclase-coupled receptors in the rabbit vas deferens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993; 264: 1227–1233.
40. Thames M, Dibner-Dunlop M, Minis A. Cardiovascular reflexes during myocardial ischaemia and infarction. In: Mark R, Hainsworth R, eds. Cardiovascular Reflex Control in Health and Disease. London, UK: WB Saunders Co: 1993: 235–255.
41. Mark AL. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983; 1: 90–102.[Abstract]
42. Kim SZ, Cho KW, Kim SH. Modulation of endocardial natriuretic peptide receptors in right ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277: H2280–H2289.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
43. Tuinenburg AE, Brundel BJ, Van Gelder IC, Henning RH, Van Den Berg MP, Driessen C, Grandjean JG, Van Gilst WH, Crijns HJ. Gene expression of the natriuretic peptide system in atrial tissue of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999; 10: 827–835.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. J. Thomas, R. M. McAllen, L. M. Salo, and R. L. Woods Restorative Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide or Chronic Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibition on Blunted Cardiopulmonary Vagal Reflexes in Aged Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2008; 52(4): 696 - 701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Toader, R. M. McAllen, A. Cividjian, R. L. Woods, and L. Quintin Effect of systemic B-type natriuretic peptide on cardiac vagal motoneuron activity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): H3465 - H3470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.M. Makikallio, T.H. Makikallio, J.T. Korpelainen, O. Vuolteenaho, J.M. Tapanainen, K. Ylitalo, K.A. Sotaniemi, H.V. Huikuri, and V.V. Myllyla Natriuretic Peptides and Mortality After Stroke Stroke, May 1, 2005; 36(5): 1016 - 1020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J Thomas and R. L Woods Do natriuretic peptides modify arterial baroreflexes in sheep? Exp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 89(6): 709 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Hood and R. L. Woods Vagal reflex actions of atrial natriuretic peptide survive physiological but not pathological cardiac hypertrophy in rat Exp Physiol, July 1, 2004; 89(4): 445 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||