Published online before print July 14, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000083488.67550.B8
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(Hypertension. 2003;42:231.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Rapid Communications |
Association of Hypoadiponectinemia With Impaired Vasoreactivity
From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science (N.O., S.K., T.F., T.N., H.N., M. Kumada, K.O., Y.O., H.N., K.K., N.M., A.N., H.K., H.H., Y.M.) and Geriatric Medicine (M.O., N.K., M. Kaibe, H.R., T.O.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
Correspondence to Shinji Kihara, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-Oka, Suita, 565-0671 Osaka, Japan. E-mail kihara{at}imed2.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Endothelial dysfunction is a crucial feature in the evolution of atherosclerosis. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific plasma protein with antiatherogenic and antidiabetic properties. In the present study, we investigated the relation between adiponectin and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. We analyzed endothelial function in 202 hypertensive patients, including those who were not taking any medication. Forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. Plasma adiponectin level was highly correlated with the vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia in the total (r=0.257, P<0.001) and no-medication (r=0.296, P=0.026) groups but not with nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia, indicating that adiponectin affected endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Multiple regression analysis of data from all hypertensive patients revealed that plasma adiponectin level was independently correlated with the vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia. Vascular reactivity was also analyzed in aortic rings from adiponectin-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Adiponectin-KO mice showed obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension compared with WT mice after 4 weeks on an atherogenic diet. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was significantly reduced in adiponectin-KO mice compared with WT mice, although no significant difference was observed in endothelium-independent vasodilation in response to sodium nitroprusside. Our observations suggest that hypoadiponectinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and that the measurement of plasma adiponectin level might be helpful as a marker of endothelial dysfunction.
Key Words: endothelium • hypertension, essential • acetylcholine • adipose tissue • atherosclerosis
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Introduction |
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Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of myocardial ischemia and is a key feature in the evolution of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, the major causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries.1,2 Endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with various pathologic conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.2,3 However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.
Adipose tissue is an important secretory organ that produces various bioactive substances known as adipocytokines, including leptin, tumor necrosis factor-
, and adiponectin, which contribute to obesity-linked metabolic and vascular diseases.4,5 Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific adipocytokine, which we identified in a human adipose tissue cDNA library.5 We have reported that adiponectin modulated proinflammatory reactions in the vascular wall and that adiponectin-deficient mice exhibited diet-induced insulin resistance and an excessive vascular remodeling response to injury.6–10 Clinically, hypoadiponectinemia has been identified in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease.6,11,12 These findings suggest that adiponectin has antidiabetic and antiatherogenic properties and serves as an important modulator for metabolic and vascular diseases. In the present study, we investigated the relation between adiponectin and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans and mice.
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Methods |
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Study Population
Two hundred two patients with mild essential hypertension who received a medical checkup at Osaka University Hospital were enrolled in this study (Table 1). We excluded patients with severe hypertensive complications (stage III of World Health Organization), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arrhythmias, cerebrovascular disease, renal dysfunction, or malignant neoplasia, as assessed by routine physical and laboratory examinations. Brachial blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer after 30 minutes of rest in the supine position. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP)
140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 mm Hg, or having received treatment for hypertension. In the present study, 58 patients were not being treated with any antihypertensive drug. Venous blood was drawn after an overnight fast. Plasma adiponectin concentration was determined by ELISA (adiponectin ELISA kit, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd).11 Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic methods. Body mass index was calculated as weight divided by the square of height. All subjects enrolled in this study were Japanese and gave written, informed consent. The Ethics Committee of Osaka University approved this study.
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Forearm Vascular Reactivity
Forearm blood flow was analyzed by strain-gauge plethysmography (EC5R, D.E. Horkkanson, Inc) as previously described.13,14 In brief, after cuff inflation to 300 mm Hg for 5 minutes, maximum forearm blood flow was measured as the postischemic vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia. We calculated the reactive hyperemia ratio as reactive hyperemia divided by the baseline value of forearm blood flow. After administration of 0.3 mg nitroglycerin, maximum forearm blood flow was measured as nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia. We calculated this nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia ratio as nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia divided by the baseline value of forearm blood flow. The intraobserver coefficient of variation was 2.4±1.4%, and the interobserver coefficient of variation was 2.6±1.5%.
Animals and Animal Treatment
Adiponectin-knockout (KO) mice were generated in our laboratory and backcrossed to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J.9 KO and WT male mice at 8 weeks of age were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose/high-salt diet (30% fat, 15% sucrose, 8% NaCl; Oriental Yeast) for 4 weeks. SBP was measured with an automatic sphygmomanometer (MK-2000, Muromachi) at the tail artery while the animals were restrained. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast. The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee for Animal Experimentation of Osaka University School of Medicine.
Vascular Relaxation Studies in Mice
The thoracic aortas of WT (n=5) or adiponectin-KO (n=5) mice were removed and placed into a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Isometric tension was measured with isometric transducers (TB-611T, Nihon-Kohden). After the aortic rings (3 mm long) were equilibrated, maximal contraction was determined with 10-6 mol/L norepinephrine (Sigma Chemical Co). Relaxation was measured in response to cumulative additions of acetylcholine (ACh, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd; 10-9 to 10-5 mol/L) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, Wako; 10-9 to 10-5 mol/L). Relaxation rates were expressed as percentages of maximum relaxation (100%) induced by 10-4 mol/L papaverine (Sigma).
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean±SE. Differences were analyzed by the Student unpaired t test. Single and multiple regression analyses were performed to analyze the correlation of the indicated parameters to the forearm vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia.
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Results |
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Plasma Adiponectin Levels Are Positively Correlated With Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation
We first examined the relation between plasma adiponectin concentration and forearm vascular reactivity by strain-gauge plethysmography in a total of 202 hypertensive patients, including 58 who were not taking any medication. Plasma adiponectin level was significantly correlated with the forearm vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia not only in the entire group (r=0.257, P<0.001) but also in the no-medication group (r=0.296, P=0.026; Figure 1). There was no significant correlation between plasma adiponectin level and nitroglycerin-induced hyperemia in either the entire or the no-medication group (Figure 1). The vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia was significantly correlated with plasma glucose and adiponectin levels in the entire group but with adiponectin level only in the no-medication group (Table 2). Multiple logistic regression analysis with plasma adiponectin, age, body mass index, SBP, DBP, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and medication status revealed that the vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia was independently correlated with adiponectin and glucose in the entire group and tended to associate with adiponectin in the no-medication group (Table 2). These data indicate that plasma adiponectin level was associated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
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Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation in Adiponectin-KO Mice
We next investigated the vascular reactivity of aortic rings from adiponectin-KO and WT mice. When mice were fed the high-fat/high-sucrose/high-salt diet for 4 weeks, body weight and SBP were significantly higher in adiponectin-KO mice than in WT mice (Table 3). No significant difference was observed in pulse rate between adiponectin-KO and WT mice (Table 3). Plasma glucose was significantly higher in adiponectin-KO mice than in WT mice, although no significant difference was observed in lipid profiles (Table 3). The ACh-induced vasorelaxation was significantly reduced in adiponectin-KO mice compared with WT mice (Figure 2). In contrast, relaxation caused by SNP, which induced endothelium-independent vasodilation, did not differ between adiponectin-KO and WT mice (Figure 2).
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Discussion |
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In the present study, we found a positive correlation between plasma adiponectin level and vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia in hypertensive subjects and an impairment of endothelium-dependent, vascular relaxation in adiponectin-KO mice. Endothelial dysfunction is an important feature in the early stage of atherosclerosis, which is related to pathologic conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.2,3 After adjustment for these factors in all hypertensive patients, plasma adiponectin level could be an independent correlative factor of endothelial function. We previously reported that adiponectin acts as an endogenous, biologically relevant modulator of vascular remodeling by attenuating the excessive inflammatory response in the vascular wall.6–10 Accordingly, plasma adiponectin level is considered a useful marker of endothelial function in hypertensive patients.
Recently, we have demonstrated that adiponectin-KO mice developed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet–induced insulin resistance as well as injury-inducible neointimal thickening.9,10 In this study, we investigated for the first time that adiponectin-KO mice developed obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation compared with WT mice while being maintained on a high-fat/high-sucrose/high-salt diet. We have reported that no significant difference in metabolic parameters was observed between adiponectin-KO and WT mice while being fed a normal diet. 9,10 In human subjects, hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease.6,11,12 Therefore, only when their nutrition was overloaded did adiponectin-KO exhibit some metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, which form a common clinical background of atherogenic cardiovascular disease.
Study Limitations
The forearm vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia represents not only endothelium-dependent vasodilation but also postischemic vasoreactivity. It is still controversial whether reactive hyperemia is dependent on nitric oxide production or not. Clinically, however, measurement of the vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia is frequently used to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, particularly because it is a noninvasive method.13–15 In this study, we analyzed the reactive hyperemia ratio, which partly reflects endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. An additional method might be necessary to clarify the more specific association of adiponectin with endothelium-dependent vasodilation, such as direct Ach infusion.
Perspectives
This study shows that hypoadiponectinemia not only is associated with endothelial dysfunction but also causes diet-induced hypertension. Measurement of the plasma adiponectin level therefore might be beneficial to assess the early stages of atherosclerosis. It is not possible to conclude that adiponectin directly affects endothelial function, although adiponectin is an antiatherogenic protein. Further studies can be directed toward understanding the molecular link between adiponectin and endothelial function.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, the Japan Society for Promotion of Science-Research for the Future Program, the Takeda Medical Research Foundation, and the grant from the Fuji Foundation for protein research. We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Sachiyo Tanaka, Atsuko Ohya, and Chiaki Ikegami.
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Footnotes |
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N.O. and M.O. contributed equally to this study.
Received April 22, 2003; first decision May 9, 2003; accepted June 13, 2003.
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S. Pilz, R. Horejsi, R. Moller, G. Almer, H. Scharnagl, T. Stojakovic, R. Dimitrova, G. Weihrauch, M. Borkenstein, W. Maerz, et al. Early Atherosclerosis in Obese Juveniles Is Associated with Low Serum Levels of Adiponectin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2005; 90(8): 4792 - 4796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Iwashima, T. Katsuya, K. Ishikawa, I. Kida, M. Ohishi, T. Horio, N. Ouchi, K. Ohashi, S. Kihara, T. Funahashi, et al. Association of Hypoadiponectinemia With Smoking Habit in Men Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1094 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kadowaki and T. Yamauchi Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptors Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 439 - 451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Qi, T. Li, E. Rimm, C. Zhang, N. Rifai, D. Hunter, A. Doria, and F. B. Hu The +276 Polymorphism of the APM1 Gene, Plasma Adiponectin Concentration, and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Men Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1607 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. K. Olijhoek, J. Koerselman, P. P.Th. de Jaegere, M. C. Verhaar, D. E. Grobbee, Y. van der Graaf, F. L.J. Visseren, and for the SMART Study Group Presence of the Metabolic Syndrome Does Not Impair Coronary Collateral Vessel Formation in Patients With Documented Coronary Artery Disease Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 683 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. I. Yilmaz, A. Sonmez, S. Kilic, T. Celik, N. Bingol, M. Pinar, T. Mumcuoglu, and M. Ozata The association of plasma adiponectin levels with hypertensive retinopathy Eur. J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 152(2): 233 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M.-T. Berthier, A. Houde, M. Cote, A.-M. Paradis, P. Mauriege, J. Bergeron, D. Gaudet, J.-P. Despres, and M.-C. Vohl Impact of adiponectin gene polymorphisms on plasma lipoprotein and adiponectin concentrations of viscerally obese men J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2005; 46(2): 237 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Miller, A. Rosenbloom, and J. Silverstein Childhood Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4211 - 4218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Malyszko, J. S. Malyszko, S. Brzosko, S. Wolczynski, and M. Mysliwiec Adiponectin Is Related to CD146, a Novel Marker of Endothelial Cell Activation/Injury in Chronic Renal Failure and Peritoneally Dialyzed Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4620 - 4627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Hug, J. Wang, N. S. Ahmad, J. S. Bogan, T.-S. Tsao, and H. F. Lodish T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin PNAS, July 13, 2004; 101(28): 10308 - 10313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Shibata, N. Ouchi, S. Kihara, K. Sato, T. Funahashi, and K. Walsh Adiponectin Stimulates Angiogenesis in Response to Tissue Ischemia through Stimulation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase Signaling J. Biol. Chem., July 2, 2004; 279(27): 28670 - 28674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Goldstein and R. Scalia Adiponectin: A Novel Adipokine Linking Adipocytes and Vascular Function J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2563 - 2568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Iwashima, T. Katsuya, K. Ishikawa, N. Ouchi, M. Ohishi, K. Sugimoto, Y. Fu, M. Motone, K. Yamamoto, A. Matsuo, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia Is an Independent Risk Factor for Hypertension Hypertension, June 1, 2004; 43(6): 1318 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. T. de Jongh, E. H. Serne, R. G. IJzerman, G. de Vries, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Impaired Microvascular Function in Obesity: Implications for Obesity-Associated Microangiopathy, Hypertension, and Insulin Resistance Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2529 - 2535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ohashi, N. Ouchi, S. Kihara, T. Funahashi, T. Nakamura, S. Sumitsuji, T. Kawamoto, S. Matsumoto, H. Nagaretani, M. Kumada, et al. Adiponectin I164T mutation is associated with the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1195 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-M. Fernandez-Real, A. Castro, G. Vazquez, R. Casamitjana, A. Lopez-Bermejo, G. Penarroja, and W. Ricart Adiponectin Is Associated With Vascular Function Independent of Insulin Sensitivity Diabetes Care, March 1, 2004; 27(3): 739 - 745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. C. B. Tan, A. Xu, W. S. Chow, M. C. W. Lam, V. H. G. Ai, S. C. F. Tam, and K. S. L. Lam Hypoadiponectinemia Is Associated with Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 765 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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