Published online before print December 1, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000105623.04382.C0
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Hypertension. 2004;43:94.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Amino-Terminal Pro–C-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Heart Failure
From the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, and Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group, Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Correspondence to Professor Mark Richards, Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Riccarton Ave, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand. E-mail mark.richards{at}cdhb.govt.nz
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The levels and pathophysiological role of amino terminal C-type natriuretic peptide in heart failure are unknown. The potential of plasma amino-terminal C-type natriuretic peptide (N-CNP) as a marker of cardiac function was investigated in symptomatic patients. In 305 patients with recent-onset dyspnea and/or peripheral edema, presenting to primary care, assay of plasma amino-terminal C-type natriuretic peptide and other plasma vasoactive hormones was conducted together with echocardiography. Heart failure was diagnosed in 77 (of the 305) patients by rigorous application of predefined criteria. Plasma amino-terminal C-type natriuretic peptide concentrations were elevated in patients with heart failure, and by univariate analysis were related to age, renal function, and other hormones. On multivariate analysis, tertile of plasma N-CNP interacted with tertile of plasma amino-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide to predict heart failure independent of age, gender, renal function, or echocardiographic left ventricular fractional shortening. N-CNP showed significant relations to concurrent plasma CNP, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), N-ANP, B-type (or brain) natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-BNP, endothelin-1, and adrenomedullin but not to echocardiographic indicators of left ventricular systolic function. Plasma amino-terminal C-type natriuretic peptide is elevated in heart failure and is related to other plasma hormones in heart failure. These findings suggest a possible compensatory response from the peripheral vasculature to heart failure by an endothelium-based vasodilator peptide and mandate further exploration of the role of C-type natriuretic peptide in this condition.
Key Words: natriuretic peptides • heart failure • echocardiography • hormones
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) shares structural and (some) bioactive properties with the cardiac natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type (or brain) natriuretic peptide (BNP). Unlike ANP and BNP, predominantly cardiac hormones, CNP is a vascular endothelial product. It has also been isolated from the kidney and central nervous system. 1–3 It has a potential paracrine role in vascular remodeling and the modulation of vascular tone. 4,5 In common with ANP and BNP, CNP is synthesized as a precursor and cleaved into a biologically active carboxy terminal portion and an amino-terminal peptide. The 103–amino acid propeptide is cleaved either between residues 50 and 51 or 81 and 82 to produce one of two biologically active peptides, carboxy terminal proCNP (51–103) or carboxy terminal proCNP (82–103), respectively, and an amino-terminal congener, N-terminal proCNP. In contrast to ANP and BNP, in humans, circulating levels of carboxy terminal CNP are so low that this poses a challenge to immunoassay technologies that are operating at the limits of detection. The greater size and presumed longer plasma half-life of amino-terminal proCNP (N-CNP) offers a potentially more reliable method of indirectly assessing CNP production through accurate measurement of plasma N-CNP concentration. This also offers the opportunity to compare and contrast the performance of plasma N-CNP with that of BNP and amino-terminal proBNP (N-BNP) as markers of cardiac function.
The roles of ANP and BNP as compensatory peptides and markers of both function and prognosis in heart failure have been well described. 6–8 CNP has potent indirect cardiovascular actions including reducing cardiac filling pressures secondary to vasorelaxation and decreased venous return, 9 but when infused into healthy subjects, at least at doses calculated to restrict increments in plasma CNP to within the pathophysiological range, CNP does not have diuretic or natriuretic effects. 10–12 The levels and potential role of CNP in heart failure are unknown. At least three reports suggest that plasma carboxy terminal CNP concentrations are not elevated in congestive heart failure. 13–15 This is surprising, considering that cardiac tissue levels have been reported as increased 16 and recently cardiac generation of CNP has been reported together with a significant positive correlation between plasma coronary sinus concentrations of CNP and concurrent pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurements in patients with heart failure. 17 In addition, tissue and plasma agents that are activated in heart failure, including cytokines and BNP, have been shown to enhance cellular CNP production in vitro. 18,19 Finally, infusion of ANP and/or BNP results in a rise in concurrent levels of endogenous plasma CNP. 20 As both plasma ANP and BNP are clearly elevated in human heart failure, the apparent absence of increased circulating levels of plasma CNP in this condition is yet more unexpected and raises the possibility that current ability to measure plasma CNP may not be sufficiently robust or that previous reports have had insufficient sample size to detect what may be small elevations of this peptide as it spills over from endothelial cells into the vascular lumen. To date, studies of CNP in heart failure have been limited by relatively small numbers and classification of heart failure, primarily on the basis of New York Heart Association class. The current report is the first to document the relation of plasma N-CNP with other neurohormones and clinical together with echocardiographic variables in a substantial cohort in which heart failure was rigorously and prospectively defined. We tested the hypotheses that plasma amino-terminal CNP (a) is elevated in heart failure along with other neurohormonal factors known to be activated in this condition and (b) is an independent marker of the presence of this condition.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patients
Patients in this study were participants in the Natriuretic Peptides in the Community study, a prospective, randomized trial of the diagnostic efficacy of N-BNP for the diagnosis of suspected new-onset heart failure in primary care. 21 Patients presenting in primary care with dyspnea and/or edema were referred to the study by their general practitioner. Each patient was seen for a study visit in which blood was collected for neurohormonal analysis, and further cardiologic assessment including ECG, chest radiography, and echocardiography (ATL HDI 5000) was performed. Blood samples were collected from seated patients without resting or other special patient preparation. Blood was collected into standard blood collection tubes containing EDTA (7.5 mg/mL, Vacutainer, Becton Dickinson), centrifuged within 2 hours (3000 rpm for 10 minutes); plasma was stored at -80°C.
Definition of Heart Failure
The definitive reference test for the purposes of this study was provided by a panel of three experts who reviewed each clinical presentation and all investigations (excluding natriuretic peptide results) and decided whether individual patients met the case definition criteria for heart failure, using the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. 22 To meet the case definition of heart failure, patients had to have appropriate symptoms and clinical signs of pulmonary or peripheral congestion in the presence of objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction. If the diagnosis was in doubt, response to treatment was considered (eg, a clear diuresis together with improvement in symptoms). The panel standard used in this study was based on that used in recent studies of the diagnosis of heart failure. 23,24
Radioimmunoassays
N-CNP, carboxy terminal CNP, and N-BNP were measured in all patients. BNP, ANP, N-ANP, adrenomedullin, and endothelin were also measured. Subsequent analyses were performed by comparing patients with and without heart failure as identified by the panel gold standard.
N-terminal proCNP1–15 was assayed as previously described, 25 except a more sensitive primary rabbit antiserum (J39) was used and peptide standards were made from synthetic human proCNP1–19 (Chiron Technologies Pty Ltd). Briefly, 3 mL of EDTA plasma was extracted on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and reconstituted in 700 µL of assay buffer. The extract (200 µL) plus 100 µL antiserum (J39) was incubated for 24 hours at 4°C before addition of 100 µL iodinated proCNP1–15-Tyr, 16 prepared by the chloramine T method and purified by HPLC. The assay was incubated for a further 24 hours at 4°C when bound and free labeled peptides were separated by a solid-phase second antibody method. The assay detection limit was 0.5 pmol/L in plasma. The N-terminal proCNP1–15 assay within and between assay coefficients of variation were 6.0% and 7.9%, respectively, at 19 pmol. Normal values for people 50 to 80 years of age were derived from 101 subjects recruited through random selection from the local electoral role (23 were 50 to 59 years of age; 34 were 60 to 69 years of age, and 44 were 70 to 80 years of age, including 42 men and 59 women). Control subjects were free of any history of cardiovascular disease or abnormal findings on physical examination.
Previously described radioimmunoassays were used for BNP, N-BNP, ANP, N-ANP, CNP, adrenomedullin, and endothelin.8,25–29
Renal Function
Renal function was assessed by calculation of creatinine clearance, using the Cockroft-Gault formula incorporating plasma creatinine, weight, age, and gender.
Statistical Methods
Plasma concentrations of neurohormones are expressed as medians (interquartile range). Nonparametric variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Other continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation) and were compared by means of the Student t test. Categorical variables were compared with the Fisher exact test. In univariate analyses, Spearman rank coefficient was used to determine correlations between variables, presented as r values. Modeling to investigate independent determinants of N-CNP was performed by means of multiple linear regression. Multiple logistic regression with stepwise selection was used to test tertile of plasma N-CNP and other variables for potential independent association with heart failure.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Characteristics
Three hundred five patients with a mean age of 72 years (range, 40 to 95 years), 65% women, were included in the study (Table 1). Forty-nine percent presented with dyspnea alone, 12% with edema alone, and 39% had both symptoms at presentation. The majority fell into New York Heart Association symptomatic class II. Overall, patients had impaired creatinine clearance with a mean of 66.7 mL/min (normal, 90 to 120 mL/min).
|
Seventy-seven (77) of 305 patients (25%) were allocated a diagnosis of heart failure by the panel. The underlying cause of heart failure was ischemic heart disease in 27 (35%), multifactorial (with contributions from 2 or more of ischemic heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and/or atrial fibrillation) in 23 (30%), valvular heart disease in 5 (6.5%), dilated cardiomyopathy in 5 (6.5%), isolated diastolic heart failure in 11 (14%), and unknown in 6 (8%).
Common conditions leading to presentation among the remaining 228 patients included respiratory disease (obstructive airways disease, infections and malignancies), myocardial ischemia with exertional dyspnea, and obesity. Less common causes included anxiety with hyperventilation, thoracic deformity, and chronic pulmonary venous thromboembolic disease.
Although hypertension was similarly frequent in both heart failure (48%) and non–heart failure (53%) groups, the prevalence of diabetes (28% versus 10%; P<0.0001), previous myocardial infarction (34% versus 8%; P<0.0001), and rates of prescription of some cardiovascular drugs including loop diuretics (38% versus 18%; P<0.0001), ACE inhibitors (47% versus 20%; P<0.0001), and (to a lesser degree) ß-blockers (30% versus 23%; P=0.201) were higher in the patients with heart failure.
Neurohormones
Median plasma N-CNP in normal control subjects at 18.47 (interquartile range, 15.75 to 20.90) pmol/L was significantly lower than levels recorded in the non–heart failure symptomatic group (median, 24.7 pmol/L; range, 21.0 to 29.5; P<0.001),which in turn were lower than in the patients with heart failure (median, 32.4 pmol/L; range, 25.4 to 39.4; P<0.001 for all intergroup comparisons). The significant intergroup differences were independent of age and gender effects.
N-CNP was modestly related to age within both symptomatic and control subjects (r=0.36 and 0.38 respectively; P<0.0001 for both). Within the total patient group (n=305), N-CNP was related to both serum creatinine and creatinine clearance (r=0.64 and -0.49, respectively; P<0.0001 for both).
N-CNP levels in normal men (median, 20.7 pmol/L; range, 12.3 to 31.5) were higher than in normal women (median, 17.6 pmol/L; range, 11.2 to 29.1; P<0.001). In the symptomatic group overall (n=305), median (interquartile range) plasma N-CNP was also higher in men (29.0 [23.9 to 35.5]) than in women (24.3 [20.5 to 29.9]; P<0.001), though no significant intergender difference was found when the heart failure group was analyzed separately (33.7 [25.8 to 39.4] versus 31.6 [23.3 to 40.8]; not significantly different).
Plasma N-CNP was related to concurrent CNP (r=0.52; P<0.0001) and was significantly but less strongly correlated to all the other hormones measured (r=0.29 to 0.45; all P<0.001, Figure 2).
|
In contrast to N-BNP (r=0.49; P<0.001), N-CNP showed no significant relation with LVEF (r=0.05; NS) but was weakly related to left ventricular mass (r=0.18; P<0.05).
All other hormones measured in this study were also significantly elevated in heart failure (Table 1). Most notably, N-BNP was increased almost 5-fold in subjects with heart failure when compared with subjects without heart failure (Figure 1). Patients diagnosed with heart failure also had significant impairment of cardiac function on echocardiographic assessment (Table 1).
|
In the symptomatic subjects (n=305), multivariate analysis by linear regression including age, gender, creatinine clearance, plasma N-BNP, echocardiographic fractional shortening, and presence or absence of heart failure revealed that with the exceptions of creatinine clearance (P=0.076) and plasma N-BNP (P=0.124), these variables were all independently predictive of increasing plasma N-CNP (P
0.001 for all).
N-CNP, CNP, and N-BNP were assessed for their individual ability to predict the presence or absence of heart failure by receiver operator analysis. CNP and N-CNP gave strikingly similar test performance values (areas under the curve, 0.68 and 0.70, respectively, with associated sensitivities and specificities between 63% and 66%, positive predictive values 37% and 39%, negative predictive values 65% for both, and overall accuracy, 65% for both) and were both clearly weaker than plasma N-BNP with corresponding performance values of AUC=0.85; sensitivity, 80%; specificity, 81%; positive predictive value, 58%; negative predictive value, 93%; and overall accuracy, 81%. Results for the other cardiac natriuretic peptides (BNP, ANP, and N-ANP) were similar to N-BNP (AUCs 0.83 to 0.84). Next ranked was plasma endothelin-1 (AUC=0.75) followed by N-CNP and CNP and finally adrenomedullin (AUC=0.59).
By univariate analysis, gender, left ventricular fractional shortening, creatinine clearance, N-CNP (but not CNP) divided by tertiles, N-BNP divided by tertiles, and an interaction for N-CNP tertile by N-BNP tertile were significantly associated with increased risk of a final diagnosis of heart failure (Table 2). After stepwise multiple logistic regression tertile of N-BNP, the interaction between N-CNP and N-BNP tertiles and fractional shortening remained independently predictive of risk of heart failure (Table 3).
|
|
The risk of heart failure rose from 12% to 18% and then 44% in first, second, and third tertiles of plasma N-CNP, respectively. For tertiles of plasma N-BNP, the corresponding figures were 5%, 12%, and 58%. In those patients falling within both the lowest tertile of N-CNP and lowest tertile of N-BNP, none had heart failure. Conversely, in those falling in the upper tertile for both amino-terminal peptides, the individual risk of heart failure was 65%, and 47% of all patients with heart failure fell into this subgroup (Figure 3).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This is the first report describing the relation of plasma concentrations of amino-terminal N-CNP to concurrent CNP, ANP, N-ANP, BNP, N-BNP, endothelin-1, and adrenomedullin, and echocardiographic assessments of cardiac function in a cohort of 305 generally elderly patients, including 77 with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure by a rigorously standardized definition. Both plasma N-CNP and CNP were significantly increased in heart failure and exhibited weak to moderate positive correlations with concurrent plasma levels of ANP, BNP, their amino-terminal congeners, endothelin-1, and adrenomedullin. In contrast to current and previous reports indicating that ANP and BNP are related to echocardiographic indicators of cardiac function, no strong relations between N-CNP and echocardiographic variables were observed.
Independent predictors of plasma N-CNP included gender, age, ventricular fractional shortening, and the presence of heart failure.
Like ANP and BNP, N-CNP rises with age, but in contrast to the cardiac peptides, plasma N-CNP may be higher in men than in women. This pattern held true in both the symptomatic cohort overall and in the age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. The underlying reasons for this gender difference are as yet unknown. Levels of N-CNP are also inversely related to renal function by univariate analysis, although this relation to creatinine clearance was not independent of other predictors of elevated N-CNP in multivariate analysis. Tertiles of plasma N-CNP and N-BNP interacted to predict the diagnosis of heart failure independent of age, gender, and renal function. Notably, even in the symptomatic patients without heart failure, N-CNP levels exceeded those in asymptomatic age- and gender-matched normal control subjects. The reasons for this are not certain, but it is possible the high burden of cardiovascular disease within the non–heart failure group produced increased N-CNP at an intermediate level between truly healthy subjects and those with symptomatic heart failure.
Plasma N-CNP is clearly not a useful indicator of cardiac function as assessed by left ventricular imaging, nor is it a particularly powerful univariate indicator of the presence of heart failure in comparison with ANP, BNP, or the amino-terminal congeners of these two cardiac natriuretic peptides. However, it does add additional information beyond that offered by established predictors of the presence of heart failure, as reflected in the significant interaction seen between N-BNP and N-CNP in multivariate analysis, and the additional risk of the presence of heart failure conferred by the presence of upper tertile N-CNP together with upper tertile N-BNP.
In contrast to previous reports, we also observed a significant increment in carboxy terminal CNP concentrations in heart failure. This probably reflects the larger cohort used in the current study. Notably, the mean levels and the absolute increment seen in heart failure versus subjects without heart failure was small relative to that seen for N-CNP, presumably reflecting the longer half-life and relatively delayed metabolism of N-CNP. Our findings are consistent with previous reports of augmented cardiac tissue levels and cardiac secretion of CNP in heart failure. 16,17 They are also consistent with reported interactions between circulating ANP, BNP, and CNP, in which elevation of one tends to lead to the concurrent augmentation of circulating levels of the other two, presumably by competition for clearance pathways. 20 Experimental reports that cytokines and BNP augment cellular production of CNP in vitro would also be consistent with augmented levels of N-CNP and CNP in human heart failure. 18,19 Further studies will be required to better define the relative contributions of altered secretion versus clearance (whether regional or systemic) of N-CNP underlying elevated plasma peptide concentrations in heart failure.
Perspectives
In community-recruited, symptomatic (and generally elderly) patients, plasma N-CNP and CNP were elevated in heart failure and related to age, renal function, and other circulating peptides. Plasma N-CNP and N-BNP interacted statistically to independently predict heart failure in multivariate analysis. Assuming cosecretion of N-CNP and CNP, the data suggest the possibility of upregulation and/or impaired clearance of this local endothelium-based vasodilator in heart failure that could be interpreted as a beneficial compensatory response opposed to the increased peripheral vascular resistance characteristic of decompensated cardiac failure. Cardiac tissue levels of CNP and expression of its specific receptor (NPR-B) are enhanced in heart failure, and in view of reports of direct cardiac effects, it is possible that increased tissue and circulating levels of CNP exert direct positive effects on cardiac contractile function. Furthermore, CNP inhibits vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, which may be a further beneficial effect in heart failure. Further measurements of plasma and tissue levels of N-CNP in experimental and clinical settings should further elucidate the role of CNP in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This trial was supported by grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand and the New Zealand National Heart Foundation. Sue P. Wright is supported by a Health Research Council of New Zealand Fellowship in clinical research. Previous support (Sue P. Wright) includes a Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Research Scholarship and the Royal Australasian College of Physicians Pfizer Medical Research Fellowship. Robert N. Doughty was the recipient of the New Zealand Heart Foundation Bank of New Zealand Senior Fellowship. Mark Richards is the holder of the National Heart Foundation (New Zealand) Chair of Cardiovascular Studies. The Christchurch Cardioendocrine Research Group acknowledges funding from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, the Lotteries Board of New Zealand, and the National Heart Foundation.
Received July 18, 2003; first decision August 13, 2003; accepted October 27, 2003.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): a new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990; 168: 863–870.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Suga S, Nakao K, Itoh H, Komatsu Y, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Imura H. Endothelial production of C-type natriuretic peptide and its marked augmentation by transforming growth factor-beta: possible existence of "vascular natriuretic peptide system." J Clin Invest. 1992; 90: 1145–1149.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Stingo AJ, Clavell AL, Heublein DM, Wei CM, Pittelkow MR, Burnett JC Jr. Presence of C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured human endothelial cells and human plasma. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: H1318–H1321.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wei CM, Aarhus LL, Miller VM, Schaff HV, Burnett JC Jr. The actions of natriuretic peptides on isolated human saphenous veins and internal mammary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 177A.Abstract.
- Porter JG, Catalano R, McEnroe G, Lewicki JA, Protter AA. C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits growth factor-dependent DNA synthesis in smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263: C1001–C1006.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Burnett JC Jr, Kao PC, Hu DC, Heser DW, Heublein D, Granger JP, Opgenorth TJ, Reeder GS. Atrial natriuretic peptide elevation in congestive heart failure in the human. Science. 1986; 231: 1145–1147.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Wei CM, Heublein DM, Perrella MA, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG, Edwards WD, Schaff HV, Burnett JC Jr. Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1004–1009.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Frampton C, Espiner EA, Turner JG, Buttimore RC, Lainchbury JG, Elliott JM, Ikram H, Crozier IG, Smyth DW. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin: new neurohormonal predictors of left ventricular function and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1921–1929.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Chen HH, Burnett JC. C-type natriuretic peptide: the endothelial component of the natriuretic peptide system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998; 32 (suppl 3): S22–S28.
- Barletta G, Lazzeri C, Vecchiarino S, Del Bene R, Messeri G, Dello Sbarba A, Mannelli M, La Villa G. Low-dose C-type natriuretic peptide does not affect cardiac and renal function in humans. Hypertension. 1998; 31: 802–808.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Pham I, Sediame S, Maistre G, Roudot-Thoraval F, Chabrier PE, Carayon A, Adnot S. Renal and vascular effects of C-type and atrial natriuretic peptides in humans. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273: R1457–R1464.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG. Bioactivity and metabolism of C-type natriuretic peptide in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 78: 1428–1435.[Abstract]
- Hama N, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Suga S, Komatsu Y, Yoshimasa T, Tanaka I, Mori K, Nakao K. Detection of C-type natriuretic peptide in human circulation and marked increase of plasma CNP levels in septic shock patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994; 198: 1177–1182.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wei C-M, Heublein DM, Perrella MA, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG, Edwards WD, Schaff HV, Burnett JC Jr. Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1004–1009.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Totsune K, Takahashi K, Murakami O, Satoh F, Sone M, Mouri T. Elevated plasma C-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci. 1994; 87: 319–322.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Takahashi T, Allen PD, Izumo S. Expression of A-, B-, and C-type natriuretic peptide genes in failing and developing human ventricles: correlation with expression of the Ca(2+)-ATPase gene. Circ Res. 1992; 71: 9–17.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Davidson NC, Barr CS, Struthers AD. C-type natriuretic peptide: an endogenous inhibitor of vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Circulation. 1996; 93: 1155–1159.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Suga S, Itoh H, Komatsu Y, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Yoshimasa T, Nakao K. Cytokine-induced C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) secretion from vascular endothelial cells: evidence for CNP as a novel autocrine/paracrine regulator from endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 1993; 133: 3038–3041.[Abstract]
- Nazario B, Hu RM, Pedram A, Prins B, Levin ER. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides stimulate the production and secretion of C-type natriuretic peptide from bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 1151–1157.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Charles CJ, Espiner EA, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG. Comparative bioactivity of atrial, brain and C-type natriuretic peptides in conscious sheep. Am J Physiol. 1996; 270: R1324–R1331.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Wright SP, Doughty RN, Pearl A, Gamble GD, Whalley GA, Walsh HJ, Gordon G, Bagg W, Oxenham H, Yandle T, Richards M, Sharpe N. Plasma amino-terminal brain natriuretic peptide and accuracy of heart failure diagnosis in primary care: a randomised, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 1793–8000.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1995; 16: 741–751.
[Free Full Text] - Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, Coats AJ, Thompson SG, Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton GC. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet. 1997; 350: 1349–1353.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Maisel AS, Krishnaswarmy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AH, Clopton P, Steg PG, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann HC, McCullough PA, Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study Investigators. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 161–167.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Prickett TC, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA, Richards AM. Identification of amino-terminal pro C-type natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001; 286: 513–517.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Yandle T, Richards AM, Gilbert A, Fisher S, Holmes S, Espiner EA. Assay of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in human plasma: evidence for high molecular weight BNP as a major plasma component in heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993; 76: 832–838.[Abstract]
- Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Doughty RN, Espiner EA. Immunoreactive amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP): a new marker of cardiac impairment. Clin Endocrinol. 1997; 47: 287–296.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Yandle TG, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Duff H. Radioimmunoassay and characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986; 63: 72–79.[Abstract]
- Lewis LK, Smith MW, Yandle TG, Richards AM, Nicholls MG. Adrenomedullin (1–52) measured in human plasma by radioimmunoassay: plasma concentration, adsorption and storage. Clin Chem. 1998; 44: 571–577.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R J Hillock, C M Frampton, T G Yandle, R W Troughton, J G Lainchbury, and A M Richards B-type natriuretic peptide infusions in acute myocardial infarction Heart, May 1, 2008; 94(5): 617 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Richards Natriuretic Peptides: Update on Peptide Release, Bioactivity, and Clinical Use Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 25 - 30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C H Strey, J M Young, J H Lainchbury, C M Frampton, M G Nicholls, A M Richards, and R S Scott Short-term statin treatment improves endothelial function and neurohormonal imbalance in normocholesterolaemic patients with non-ischaemic heart failure Heart, November 1, 2006; 92(11): 1603 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. R. Potter, S. Abbey-Hosch, and D. M. Dickey Natriuretic Peptides, Their Receptors, and Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Dependent Signaling Functions Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2006; 27(1): 47 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Nielsen, J. F. Rehfeld, F. Pedersen, J. Kastrup, R. Videbaek, and J. P. Goetze Measurement of Pro-C-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Plasma Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2173 - 2176. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||