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(Hypertension. 2004;44:392.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorial Commentaries |
From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Correspondence to Ian M.C. Dixon, PhD, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6. E-mail idixon{at}sbrc.ca
| Introduction |
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Recently, a direct relation between increased sympathetic activity and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated in a small human cohort (notably,
35% of these patients were female).5 Indeed, ß-blockers are again among the agents of choice in the clinicians armament for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.6 In contrast,
-blockers have attracted relatively little attention in the clinical setting. Despite the association between plasma norepinephrine and incidence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, the role of norepinephrine as a synergistic partner with common trophic cytokines, such as members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß superfamily, in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy heart is undefined. Precisely how myofibroblasts integrate norepinephrine and TGF-ß (TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, and TGF-ß3) signals in cardiac hypertrophy and failure is unclear at the level of ligand release. In contrast, it is well known that suppression of angiotensin results in improved outcomes in animal models and patients with maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and failure secondary to myocardial infarction,79 and this is in part related to a reduction of cytokine expression. TGF-ß1 is a known stimulus for cardiac myocyte growth as well as for fibrillar collagen secretion by cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.10
Despite the number of clinical and basic science reports in recent years that have dealt with aspects of heart failure, female patient participation in heart failure trials is usually a fraction of that of their male counterparts.5 Support for the argument of gender differences in profile (including age of onset and comorbidities) and management of congestive heart failure exists,5,11 justifying further investigation of gender-dependency in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. There is little data that deals specifically with development of cardiac hypertrophy in female animal models. Whether the male myocardium differs from the female in release or effects of TGF-ß in the diseased heart remains an open question. Data presented by Briest et al in this issue of Hypertension12 supports the induction of TGF-ß1 in female rat heart subjected to norepinephrine infusion. The current study also includes novel data about TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, and TGF-ß3 release in female hearts and how this event is linked to functional changes in cardiac fibroblasts.
| Cardiac Hypertrophy |
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The development of fibrosis in congestive heart failure is a complex process and may involve input from multiple factors.13 It is becoming clear that myofibroblast behavior may also potentiate wound healing and eventual cardiac fibrosis. TGF-ß1 is widely studied as a stimulus for fibroblast and myofibroblast function, that is, extracellular matrix deposition, in the setting of cardiac dysfunction.14 TGF-ß1 is known to stimulate focal adhesion supermaturation in myofibroblasts,15 which is associated with reduced turnover and decreased cell motility.16 Thus, a clear understanding of control of TGF-ß release in heart is of considerable importance to understanding the pathogenesis of hypertrophy.
| Biology of TGF-ß in the Heart and the Putative Role of Norepinephrine in Control of Expression |
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Although crosstalk between angiotensin and TGF-ß1 ligands has been addressed,26 very little work has been done to examine the role of putative interplay between norepinephrine and TGF-ß in heart failure.27 The work by Briest et al12 provides support for this concept in adult myocardium.
In this issue, it is demonstrated that ratios of TGF-ß1/ß2/ß3 mRNAs are differentially expressed in male versus female rat heart either in basal conditions or with norepinephrine treatment in both nonmyocyte and myocyte fractions of the left ventricle. Defining the distinguishing mechanisms between female versus male cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and outlining their similarities are of paramount importance. We suggest that the benefits gained by the addition of an increased number of basic science articles using experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy and failure that focus attention on female/male comparisons may be profound. Thus, the current article12 begins to add to basic research data that will add to information gained from clinical trials that include significant numbers of women in their test groups.
| Acknowledgments |
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| Footnotes |
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| References |
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13. Hunter JJ, Chien KR. Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 12761283.
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