Published online before print November 1, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000148459.25908.49
(Hypertension. 2004;44:809.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorial Commentaries |
Osteopontin: A Protective Mediator of Cardiac Fibrosis?
From the Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany.
Correspondence to Dr Kristof Graf, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, D-13353, Germany. E-mail graf{at}dhzb.de
Osteopontin (OP) is a multifunctional cytokine and adhesion protein that contains an RGD (arginin-glycin-aspartate) binding sequence that enables it to interact with several integrins, CD44 variants, and other adhesion receptors. OP receptor binding then directly or indirectly activates intracellular signaling pathways, mediating its effects on cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions. OP is increased in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanical strain in various cell types,1 and the function of its secreted protein can be altered by proteases, including thrombin.2 Thus, OP can exists as an immobilized matrix molecule (eg, in bone, atherosclerotic plaques, or calcified heart valves) or as soluble cytokine.
Cell signaling by OP is predominantly mediated through integrin engagement. Cleavage of OP by thrombin exposes integrin binding sites2 (eg, for 
9ß1), which are important for OP-mediated adhesion/migration. OP is chemotactic for various cell types, most notably monocytes/macrophages, which are attracted to sites of injury and inflammation. The best-characterized OP-induced signal pathway is the integrin-stimulated FAK-Src-Rho pathway in osteoclasts.1 However, identification and dissection of signal transduction pathways are complicated by the fact that OP potentially binds to several cell surface receptors.
OP and the Heart
Proper organization of the extracellular matrix is required to maintain the integrity and organization of cardiac cells. Adaptive remodeling of the myocardium, caused by either increased workload or injury, requires mediators for the communication of cardiac cells with their surrounding extracellular matrix. This makes OP an ideal candidate. Various stimuli have been found to induce OP in cardiac cells, including fibroblasts,3 cardiomyocytes,4,5 macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells.6 Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent inducer of OP expression in cardiac fibroblasts, in which OP mediates a number of Ang II-dependent cellular functions via binding to ß1 and vß3 integrins.3 In vivo OP expression is observed predominantly in cardiomyocytes in experimental models of Ang II-dependent myocardial hypertrophy.4 Increased cardiac OP expression, either in fibroblasts and/or cardiomyocytes, has been reported with the onset of heart failure,7 after myocardial infarction,8 and in patients with progressive heart failure.9 This suggests that OP is involved in mechanisms regulating the cardiac response to pressure or volume load or myocardial injury.
Consequently, studies with OP–/– mice have been performed to elucidate its role in cardiac remodeling. Generally, OP–/– mice demonstrate a normally developed cardiovascular system but display impaired wound healing after skin injuries.10 However, Trueblood et al8 reported an impairment of collagen synthesis and increased left ventricular dilatation after myocardial infarction in OP–/– mice. The same group demonstrated that OP inhibits IL-1ß–induced matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts,11 indicating that OP deficiency impairs the balance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. In this issue of Hypertension, Xie et al12 demonstrate that the loss of OP is responsible for the blunted hypertrophic response leading to early systolic impairment in a model of aortic banding. Their present study confirms findings of a previous report,13 which observed an impairment of systolic function and onset of left ventricular dilatation in OP–/– mice after chronic Ang II infusion to induce myocardial hypertrophy. Interestingly, cardiac hypertrophy measured as heart/body weight ratio was not affected in either of the studies. So far, these publications stress the importance of OP as modulator of the compensatory fibrotic and hypertrophic response. They indicate that the loss of OP hampers the function of the cardiomyocyte compartment, resulting in a reduced cardiac performance. Xie et al12 further demonstrate in their present study that OP deficiency impairs the intracellular activation of the Akt/GSK3-ß, JNK, and p38 kinase pathways, signaling pathways important to myocardial hypertrophy.14 This findings imply that OP is important for the signal pathways controlling the adequate physiological response after pressure overload in both cell types, fibroblasts, and cardiomyocytes.
Collins et al15 investigated the role of OP in Ang II-induced hypertension and myocardial hypertrophy using OP–/– mice. Their study revealed that OP-deficiency did not change the blood pressure response to Ang II-infusion but significantly decreased cardiac fibrosis induced by Ang II. This corresponds to findings of Matsui et al,13 who found a decrease in cardiac fibrosis in Ang II-induced hypertrophy. Moreover, the effect of OP deficiency on fibrosis was comparable to the treatment of wild-type mice with the aldosterone antagonist eplerenone, which significantly reduced the amount of fibrosis induced by Ang II. Therefore, the authors concluded that part of the eplerenone effect could be mediated by inhibition of OP.13 Surprisingly, in their present study, Xie et al12 did not observe any effect on fibrosis in OP–/– mice after 4 weeks of aortic banding, which suggests different mechanisms how OP interchanges with cardiac cells, beside its profibrotic effects. Most likely, both inhibition of fibrosis and modulation of signaling pathways might explain that the loss of OP leads to a decreased cardiac performance in cardiac remodeling.
Which cellular mechanisms are then involved? Collins et al15 reported that the growth and adhesive properties of cardiac fibroblasts from OP–/– mice are significantly reduced after chronic Ang II treatment. The effects of OP on cardiomyocyte function are unknown. OP is a well-characterized ligand of ß1-integrin receptors, which are involved in the adrenergically mediated atrial natriuretic peptide (hypotrophic) response in cardiomyocytes.16 Xie et al12 observed a suppressed atrial natriuretic peptide response in OP–/– hearts, too. Taken together, these findings suggest that OP is important for physiologically "intact" integrin-dependent cell functions essential for the response to increased cardiac load and injury in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of OP on cardiomyocytes.
Footnotes
The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
1. Denhardt DT, Noda M, O’Regan AW, Pavlin D, Berman JS. Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107: 1055–1061.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Yokosaki Y, Matsuura N, Sasaki T, Murakami I, Schneider H, Higashiyama S, Saitoh Y, Yamakido M, Taooka Y, Sheppard D. The integrin alpha(9)beta(1) binds to a novel recognition sequence (SVVYGLR) in the thrombin-cleaved amino-terminal fragment of osteopontin. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 36328–36334.
3. Ashizawa N, Graf K, Do YS, Nunohiro T, Giachelli CM, Meehan WP, Tuan TL, Hsueh WA. Osteopontin is produced by rat cardiac fibroblasts and mediates A(II)-induced DNA synthesis and collagen gel contraction. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 2218–2227.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Graf K, Do YS, Ashizawa N, Meehan WP, Giachelli CM, Marboe CC, Fleck E, Hsueh WA. Myocardial osteopontin expression is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1997; 96: 3063–3071.
5. Singh K, Balligand JL, Fischer TA, Smith TW, Kelly RA. Glucocorticoids increase osteopontin expression in cardiac myocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. Role in regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270: 28471–28478.
6. O’Brien ER, Garvin MR, Stewart DK, Hinohara T, Simpson JB, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin is synthesized by macrophage, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells in primary and restenotic human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994; 14: 1648–1656.
7. Singh K, Sirokman G, Communal C, Robinson KG, Conrad CH, Brooks WW, Bing OH, Colucci WS. Myocardial osteopontin expression coincides with the development of heart failure. Hypertension. 1999; 33: 663–670.
8. Trueblood NA, Xie Z, Communal C, Sam F, Ngoy S, Liaw L, Jenkins AW, Wang J, Sawyer DB, Bing OH, Apstein CS, Colucci WS, Singh K. Exaggerated left ventricular dilation and reduced collagen deposition after myocardial infarction in mice lacking osteopontin. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 1080–1087.
9. Stawowy P, Blaschke F, Pfautsch P, Goetze S, Lippek F, Wollert-Wulf B, Fleck E, Graf K. Increased myocardial expression of osteopontin in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002; 4: 139–146.
10. Liaw L, Birk DE, Ballas CB, Whitsitt JS, Davidson JM, Hogan BL. Altered wound healing in mice lacking a functional osteopontin gene (spp1). J Clin Invest. 1998; 101: 1468–1478.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11. Xie Z, Singh M, Siwik DA, Joyner WL, Singh K. Osteopontin inhibits IL-1beta-stimulated increases in matrix metalloproteinase activity in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: role of protein kinase C-zeta. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 48546–48552.
12. Xie Z, Singh M, Singh K. Osteopontin modulates myocardial hypertrophy in response to chronic pressure overload in mice. Hypertension. 2004; 44: 826–831.
13. Matsui Y, Jia N, Okamoto H, Kon S, Onozuka H, Akino M, Liu L, Morimoto J, Rittling SR, Denhardt D, Kitabatake A, Uede T. Role of osteopontin in cardiac fibrosis and remodeling in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 1195–1201.
14. Frey N, Katus HA, Olson EN, Hill JA. Hypertrophy of the heart: a new therapeutic target? Circulation. 2004; 109: 1580–1589.
15. Collins AR, Schnee J, Wang W, Kim S, Fishbein MC, Bruemmer D, Law RE, Nicholas S, Ross RS, Hsueh WA. Osteopontin modulates angiotensin II-induced fibrosis in the intact murine heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 1698–1705.
16. Ross RS, Pham C, Shai SY, Goldhaber JI, Fenczik C, Glembotski CC, Ginsberg MH, Loftus JC. Beta1 integrins participate in the hypertrophic response of rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 1998; 82: 1160–1172.
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