This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 45/2/283    most recent 01.HYP.0000153051.56460.6av1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Elmarakby, A. A. Articles by Pollock, D. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Elmarakby, A. A. Articles by Pollock, D. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Medline Plus Health Information High Blood Pressure Related Collections Other hypertension Endothelium/vascular type/nitric oxide

(Hypertension. 2005;45:283.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Scientific Contributions

NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Attenuates Oxidative Stress but Not Hypertension Produced by Chronic ET-1

From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.A.E., J.S.P., D.M.P.) and Surgery (D.M.P.), and the Vascular Biology Center (E.D.L., J.S.P., D.M.P.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Ga.

Correspondence to David M. Pollock, PhD, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500. E-mail dpollock{at}mail.mcg.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that hypertension produced by chronic ET-1 infusion is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was continuously monitored in male Sprague Dawley rats by telemetry. After baseline measurements, rats were placed on a high-salt diet (8% NaCl) and osmotic minipumps were implanted to infuse ET-1 (5 pmol/kg per minute intravenous) for 12 days. Control rats were maintained on the high-salt diet only. Separate groups of rats were also infused with ET-1 and given the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol (1 mmol/L), or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (1.5 mmol/L), in the drinking water. Infusion of ET-1 significantly increased MAP when compared with baseline values (132±3 versus 114±2 mm Hg, P<0.05). Neither tempol nor apocynin treatment had any effect on the increase in MAP produced by ET-1 when compared with baseline values (127±5 versus 113±2 and 130±3 versus 115±2 mm Hg, respectively). Plasma 8-isoprostane, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in ET-1–infused rats compared with rats on a high-salt diet alone (128±33 versus 51±5 pg/mL; P<0.05). Both tempol and apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the ET-1–induced increase in plasma 8-isoprostane (72±10 and 61±6 pg/mL, respectively). Similarly, ET-1 infusion also significantly increased aortic superoxide production (chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium staining techniques), which was prevented by both tempol and apocynin. These data provide evidence that chronic ET-1 infusion increases vascular NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production but does not account for chronic ET-1–induced hypertension.

Key Words: endothelin • oxidative stress • sodium

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that can produce vasoconstriction primarily through ET_A receptor activation.¹ Salt-dependent models of hypertension such as DOCA-salt rats^2,3 and chronic angiotensin II–infused rats⁴ display a high level of ET-1 mRNA and peptide expression. Furthermore, ET_A receptor antagonists attenuated the increase in blood pressure in these models, suggesting an important role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension.^2,5,6 Additionally, ET-1 is believed to contribute to hypertension in the black population that is known to be predominantly salt-sensitive.^7,8

Considerable recent attention has been paid to the possibility that ET-induced vasoconstriction may be dependent, at least in part, on the production of superoxide anion.^9–11 In cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, Wedgwood et al have shown that exposure to ET-1 significantly increases superoxide production, and this effect can be blocked by pre-incubation with the ET_A receptor antagonist PD-156707.¹¹ Additionally, exogenously applied ET-1 can stimulate superoxide anion formation in rat aortic rings.^9,12 In conscious rats, Sedeek et al observed that 9 days of ET-1 infusion significantly increased blood pressure that was completely abolished when rats were treated with the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, tempol.¹³ In isolated carotid arteries from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, blockade of ET_A receptors and NADPH oxidase will inhibit superoxide production.¹⁴ Furthermore, our laboratory has also shown that ET_A receptor blockade can prevent the increase in blood pressure and oxidative stress in salt-sensitive ET_B-deficient hypertensive rats, an example of a high-endothelin model of hypertension.¹⁵

Despite ample evidence to support the hypothesis that ET-1 stimulates the formation of superoxide, the source of superoxide in the chronic ET-1 infusion model of hypertension has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was first to confirm that chronic ET-1 infusion increases arterial pressure and oxidative stress, and second to determine whether ET-dependent increases in blood pressure and oxidative stress are dependent on superoxide and NADPH oxidase.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Animal Protocols
Experiments used male Sprague-Dawley rats with an initial body weight of 200 to 250 grams (Harlan Laboratories). Animal protocols were in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines and approved and monitored by the Medical College of Georgia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Rats were housed under conditions of constant temperature and humidity and exposed to a 12:12-hour light–dark cycle. Telemetry transmitters (Data Sciences, Inc) were implanted according to manufacturer’s specifications while under Na pentobarbital anesthesia (65 mg/kg intraperitoneal) as previously described.¹⁶ Rats were allowed to recover from implant surgery for 7 to 10 days before obtaining 3 to 4 days of basal blood pressure measurements. Preliminary experiments indicated that chronic ET-1 infusion did not produce consistent increases in blood pressure when on a normal salt diet, similar to that recently reported by Wang and Wang.¹⁷ Therefore, all rats were placed on a high-salt diet (8% NaCl). Three days later, rats were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and osmotic minipumps (Alza Scientific, Palo Alto, Calif) were implanted subcutaneously to deliver ET-1 (5 pmol/kg per minute; Phoenix Pharmaceuticals) through a catheter in the jugular vein for 12 days. Rats were then divided into 3 groups (n=7 to 10): (1) ET-1 only; (2) ET-1 infusion plus the SOD mimetic, tempol (1 mmol/L; Sigma-Aldrich Co) in the drinking water; and (3) ET-1 infusion plus the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (1.5 mmol/L; Sigma-Aldrich Co) in the drinking water. Tempol and apocynin were started at the same time as ET-1 infusion was initiated and given for the duration of the experiment. Previous studies have shown that these concentrations of tempol and apocynin placed in the drinking water are effective at reducing superoxide and oxidative stress in vivo.^18,19 A fourth group served as a high-salt diet control and drank tap water throughout the experiment (n=6). In a separate series of experiments, rats were given ET-1 infusion with or without tempol being administered via osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously at a dose of 30 mg/kg per day (n=6 in both groups).

At the end of all experiments, rats were anesthetized using sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (65 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and a blood sample was taken from the abdominal aorta. Plasma was stored at –80°C for later measurement of 8-isoprostane using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Cayman Chemical Co). The thoracic aorta was carefully dissected for determination of superoxide production using lucigenin chemiluminescence and dihydroethidine staining techniques.

Lucigenin Chemiluminescence
Superoxide levels in vascular tissue was measured using lucigenin chemiluminescence.^12,15 Following isolation, the thoracic aorta was immediately placed in ice-cold physiological saline solution of the following concentrations (mM): NaCl 130, KCl 4.7, KH₂PO₄ 1.8, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.17, NaHCO₃ 14.9, dextrose 5.5, EDTA 0.26, and CaCl₂ 1.6. The aorta was cleaned of adhering adventitial tissue and cut into ring segments 2 mm in length. Individual aortic rings were placed in a 96-well microplate (OptiPlate-96 polystyrene microplates; Packard Instruments) and sealed with Topseal-A. Both sample and background wells were in duplicate, with 200 µL of 5 µmol/L lucigenin per well. Background wells contained the lucigenin without tissue. Plates were dark-adapted for 30 minutes and then counted on a Top Count microplate scintillation and luminescence counter (Packard Instruments). The scintillation microplate counter was covered with blackout cloth to prevent interference from extraneous light. Background luminescence was subtracted from sample fluorescence and the counts per minute (cpm) were normalized to the dry weight of the tissue.

Dihydroethidium Staining
Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a lipophilic cell-permeable dye that is rapidly oxidized to ethidium in the presence of free radical superoxide. In theory, the produced ethidium is fixed by intercalation into nDNA, thus giving an indication of oxidant stress within cells undergoing investigation.¹⁸ Freshly isolated segments of the aorta were placed in optimum cutting temperature formulation made of water-soluble glycols and resins (Sakura, Torrance, Calif) and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. This provides a convenient specimen matrix for cryostat sectioning at temperatures of –10°C and below. The aorta segments were cut into sections using a Leica CM 1850 cryostat (10 to 20 µm) before being incubated with DHE (2 µmol/L) in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C for 30 minutes. Fluorescence images were obtained with a Zeiss LSM 510 META confocal microscope using filters with an excitation of 488 nm and an emission range of 574 to 595 nm.

Statistical Analysis
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures (SuperANOVA, Abacus Concepts Inc). Statistical differences in the mean values for plasma 8-isoprostane and aortic superoxide measurements were determined by ANOVA and the Fisher protected least significant difference test was used to determine differences between individual means (StatView, Abacus Concepts Inc). Values are reported as mean±SEM, with P<0.05 being considered significant.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Figure 1 shows the MAP in chronic ET-1–infused rats fed high-salt diet. ET-1 infusion increased MAP progressively over the first week of infusion and plateaued during the second week between 130 and 140 mm Hg. Unexpectedly, neither tempol nor apocynin treatment was able to attenuate the elevation in MAP produced by ET-1 infusion. Tempol treatment showed some tendency to lower MAP on days 4 and 5 of ET-1 infusion, but these changes were not sustained.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured by telemetry during 12 days of chronic ET-1 infusion in conscious rats. Separate groups of rats were also given the SOD mimetic, tempol (1 mmol/L), or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (1.5 mmol/L), in the drinking water for the duration of ET-1 infusion. Values are mean±SE (n=7 to 10 animals per group).

Plasma 8-isoprostane, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly increased by >2-fold in ET-1 infused rats compared with control rats on a high-salt diet alone (Figure 2A). Both tempol and apocynin treatment abolished the ET-1–induced increase in 8-isoprostane. Aortic superoxide production was also determined using lucigenin chemiluminescence. Consistent with 8-isoprostane data, ET-1 infusion significantly increased aortic superoxide production compared with control (Figure 2B). Tempol, as well as apocynin, significantly attenuated ET-1-induced aortic superoxide production; values in the tempol and apocynin groups were not different from untreated controls.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Plasma 8-isoprostane levels (A) and aortic superoxide production (lucigenin) (B) in control and chronic ET-1–infused rats with or without tempol or apocynin treatment. Values are mean±SE (n=8 to 12 animals per group);*P<0.05 vs control and P<0.05 vs ET-1 only.

DHE staining was used as a qualitative approach to detect superoxide production in frozen aortic sections from chronic ET-1–infused rats. Confirming the lucigenin data, DHE fluorescence staining intensity for superoxide production was greater in aortic sections from ET-1 infused rats (Figure 3). Both tempol and apocynin reduced fluorescence intensity in ET-1 infused rats.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. DHE staining in aortic sections from control rats and rats infused with ET-1 for 12 days with or without tempol or apocynin treatment (n=5 to 6 animals per group). The bar indicates 100 µm.

In a separate series of experiments, we also determined the effect of a continuous subcutaneous administration of tempol in rats during chronic ET-1 infusion. Consistent with results with tempol in the drinking water, the persistent elevation in MAP produced by ET-1 infusion was unaffected by tempol (Figure 4A). Again, similar to oral dosing, tempol significantly attenuated the increase in aortic superoxide produced by ET-1 infusion (Figure 4B).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. 24-hour mean arterial pressure (telemetry) (A) and aortic superoxide production (lucigenin) (B) during 12 days of chronic ET-1 infusion in conscious rats. A separate group was also given tempol subcutaneously (30 mg/kg per day). Values are mean±SE (n=6 animals per group); *P<0.05 vs ET-1 only.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
In the present study, infusion of ET-1 for 12 days significantly increased MAP, plasma 8-isoprostane, and superoxide production in male Sprague Dawley rats maintained on a high-salt diet. Both tempol and apocynin inhibited these measures of oxidative stress induced by ET-1 infusion, yet to our surprise had no effect on the increase in MAP. These studies provide clear evidence that although ET-1 can increase vascular oxidative stress by activation of NADPH oxidase, these changes are not responsible for ET-1–induced hypertension.

In vitro studies have shown that ET-1 may be an important modulator of superoxide anion formation in vascular tissue.^9,10 Blocking endogenous ET-1 action with the selective ET_A receptor antagonist, BQ123, prevented the increase in superoxide formation induced by cyclosporine and oxidized low-density lipoprotein.¹⁰ Also, ET_A receptor blockade inhibited superoxide production in isolated carotid arteries taken from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.¹⁴ Moreover, exogenously applied ET-1 dose-dependently stimulated superoxide production in rat aortic rings.^9,12

Previous studies discussed led to the hypothesis that the hypertensive actions of ET-1 may involve the formation of oxygen radicals. In support of this hypothesis, Sedeek et al recently showed that the increase in arterial pressure in response to ET-1 infusion for 9 days was attenuated by tempol.¹³ Obviously, these results conflict with findings in the current study, although the reason for the difference is not clear. Sedeek et al used the same dose of ET-1; however, tempol was administered intravenously in the same minipump as with ET-1. In our experiments, tempol was given either in the drinking water or via osmotic minipump delivered subcutaneously. In either case, we verified that tempol was reducing vascular oxidative stress by several measures. Likewise, Sedeek et al used plasma thiobarbituric acid–reacting substances (TBARS) and urinary 8-isoprostane to verify reduction of oxidative stress by tempol. Therefore, it is clear that tempol is able to demonstrate efficacy at reducing oxidative stress regardless of the route of administration. Our studies used continuous measurement of MAP by telemetry, whereas Sedeek et al measured MAP at a single time point at the end of the study with an acutely implanted catheter. It would be surprising if this relatively minor technical difference could explain the rather clear differences in response to tempol. The previous studies were also conducted in rats on a normal salt diet, whereas our rats were given a high-salt diet. In a recent study by Wang and Wang,¹⁷ chronic ET-1 had no effect on MAP in rats on a normal salt diet, and in preliminary experiments, we were unable to produce ET-induced hypertension in rats on a normal salt diet. It is unclear why Sedeek et al were able to observe hypertension in response to chronic ET-1 infusion in rats on a normal salt diet, but it is certainly possible that blood pressure-lowering may be more difficult to achieve during ET-1 infusion when rats are on a high salt diet.

Our laboratory has recently shown that ET_A receptor blockade in the ET_B-deficient rat will prevent salt-induced hypertension and reduces oxidative stress associated with this model.¹⁵ Because inhibiting ET_A receptors can reverse the hypertension associated with ET_B receptor deficiency or pharmacological blockade of ET_B receptors, these results may first appear to be in contrast with the current findings. However, it is possible that lowering arterial pressure alone will reduce oxidative stress rather than oxidative stress causing an increase in arterial pressure. Furthermore, increases in oxidative stress are not common to all models of hypertension. Chronic epinephrine infusion increases MAP without any apparent elevation in reactive oxygen species.²⁰ A number of studies have shown that the SOD mimetic, tempol, will reduce arterial pressure in various models of hypertension while at the same time decreasing oxidative stress.^19,21,22 We recently reported that tempol, in another ET-dependent model of hypertension, only attenuated the elevation in MAP during the first few days of ET_B receptor blockade, ie, an effect that was not sustained.²³ At least in terms of ET-induced hypertension, a cause-and-effect relationship between superoxide and hypertension does not appear to exist.

Our study used 3 distinct measures of oxidative stress to verify that tempol and apocynin were capable of reducing superoxide. Because these inhibitors are considered to be permeable to the cell membranes, it is unlikely that tempol and apocynin were able to reduce oxidative stress in some tissue locations and not others. Nonetheless, it remains possible that tempol and apocynin are ineffective at reducing ET-induced increases in reactive oxygen species in a localized area or by a mechanism unaffected by these agents.

In the DOCA-salt model of hypertension, Li et al recently provided evidence that ET-1 increases superoxide by stimulation of NADPH oxidase.¹⁴ Our results using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor are consistent with the observation that ET-1 can directly stimulate NADPH oxidase in vivo. However, the ability of ET-1 to stimulate NADPH oxidase does not appear to play a major role in ET-dependent hypertension because inhibition of ET-induced increases in NADPH oxidase activity had no effect on MAP.

Although our results indicate that ET-1 induced hypertension is not dependent on NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide, it remains possible that other reactive oxygen species may contribute to hypertension in this model. For example, although tempol clearly reduces superoxide levels, it also increases hydrogen peroxide that has been shown to increase MAP if generated in sufficient quantities in the kidney.²⁴ Also, it is possible that ET-1 can increase superoxide production or other reactive oxygen species independent of NADPH oxidase in a manner that is not detected by the 3 different measures of oxidative stress used in the current study. These findings underscore the reality that our knowledge of how reactive oxygen species behave in a complex animal model is limited and that future studies will have to use new approaches.

In conclusion, these studies indicate that ET-1–dependent hypertension does not require the generation of NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. It would appear as though ET-1–dependent hypertension is a function of the well-established ability of ET-1 to produce prolonged vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, and a shift in the renal pressure–natriuresis relationship independent of superoxide.

Perspectives
Despite considerable evidence that ET-1 can increase vascular oxidative stress, the current study suggests that this effect of ET-1 does not influence arterial pressure regulation. We observed a very clear dissociation between vascular superoxide and the level of arterial pressure. However, this does not preclude a role for ET-1–dependent changes in oxidative stress on functional changes that may occur within the vascular wall during conditions such as atherosclerosis and inflammation. Perhaps the current study serves a reminder that chronic blood pressure regulation is more a function of changes in the pressure–natriuresis relationship that is known to be shifted toward higher blood pressures by ET-1.^16,25

	Acknowledgments

 
These studies were supported by grants from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL64776, HL60653, and HL74167), American Heart Association Established Investigator Awards to D.P. and J.P., and Pre-doctoral Fellowships from the American Heart Association Southeast Affiliate awarded to A.E. and E.D.L. The authors express their appreciation for the expert technical assistance provided by Hiram Ocasio, Vic Veguilla, and Janet Hobbs.

Received October 1, 2004; first decision October 21, 2004; accepted December 1, 2004.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Rubanyi GM, Polokoff MA. Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Rev. 1994; 46: 325–415.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

2. Allcock GH, Venema RC, Pollock DM. ET_A receptor blockade attenuates the hypertension but not renal dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1998; 275: R245–R252.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Lariviere R, Thibault G, Schiffrin EL. Increased endothelin-1 content in blood vessels of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive but not in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1993; 21: 294–300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Sasser JM, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Renal endothelin in chronic angiotensin II hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002; 283: R243–R248.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. d’Uscio LV, Moreau P, Shaw S, Takase H, Barton M, Luscher TF. Effects of chronic ET_A-receptor blockade in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 1997; 29: 435–441.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

6. Rajagopalan S, Laursen JB, Borthayre A, Kurz S, Keiser J, Haleen S, Giaid A, Harrison DG. Role for endothelin-1 in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Hypertension. 1997; 30: 29–34.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Treiber FA, Jackson RW, Davis H, Pollock JS, Kapuku G, Mensah GA, Pollock DM. Racial differences in endothelin-1 at rest and in response to acute stress in adolescent males. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 722–725.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Ergul A. Hypertension in black patients: an emerging role of the endothelin system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 2000; 36: 62–67.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Diederich D, Skopec J, Diederich A, Dai FX. Cyclosporine produces endothelial dysfunction by increased production of superoxide. Hypertension. 1994; 23: 957–961.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Galle J, Lehmann-Bodem C, Hubner U, Heinloth A, Wanner C. CyA and OxLDL cause endothelial dysfunction in isolated arteries through endothelin-mediated stimulation of O₂^– formation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000; 15: 339–346.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Wedgwood S, Dettman RW, Black SM. ET-1 stimulates pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation via induction of reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001; 281: L1058–L1067.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Loomis ED, Beswick RA, Webb RC, Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Endothelin-mediated superoxide production in rat aortic rings. FASEB J. 2002; 16: A430.

13. Sedeek MH, Llinas MT, Drummond H, Fortepiani L, Abram SR, Alexander BT, Reckelhoff JF, Granger JP. Role of reactive oxygen species in endothelin-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 806–810.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Li L, Fink GD, Watts SW, Northcott CA, Galligan JJ, Pagano PJ, Chen AF. Endothelin-1 increases vascular superoxide via endothelin(A)-NADPH oxidase pathway in low-renin hypertension. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1053–1058.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Elmarakby AA, Loomis ED, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. ET_A receptor blockade attenuates hypertension and decreases reactive oxygen species in ET_B receptor-deficient rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004; 44 (supplement 1): S7–S10.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

16. Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Evidence for endothelin involvement in the response to high salt. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001; 281: F144–F150.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. Wang Y, Wang DH. Prevention of endothelin-1-induced increases in blood pressure: role of endogenous CGRP. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 287: H1868–H1874.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

18. Beswick RA, Dorrance AM, Leite R, Webb RC. NADH/NADPH oxidase and enhanced superoxide production in the mineralocorticoid hypertensive rat. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 1107–1111.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19. Beswick RA, Zhang H, Marable D, Catravas JD, Hill WD, Webb RC. Long-term antioxidant administration attenuates mineralocorticoid hypertension and renal inflammatory response. Hypertension. 2001; 37: 781–786.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

20. Laursen JB, Rajagopalan S, Galis Z, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Harrison DG. Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation. 1997; 95: 588–593.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

21. Hoagland KM, Maier KG, Roman RJ. Contributions of 20-HETE to the antihypertensive effects of Tempol in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 2003; 41: 697–702.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22. Schnackenberg CG, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Normalization of blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in SHR with a membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic: role of nitric oxide. Hypertension. 1998; 32: 59–64.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

23. Williams JM, Pollock JS, Pollock DM. Arterial pressure response to the antioxidant tempol and ET_B receptor blockade in rats on a high-salt diet. Hypertension. 2004; 44: 770–774.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24. Makino A, Skelton MM, Zou AP, Cowley AW, Jr. Increased renal medullary H₂O₂ leads to hypertension. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 25–30.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25. Vassileva I, Mountain C, Pollock DM. Functional role of ET_B receptors in the renal medulla. Hypertension. 2003; 41: 1359–1363.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. S. Wilcox and A. Pearlman Chemistry and Antihypertensive Effects of Tempol and Other Nitroxides Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2008; 60(4): 418 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Schluter, A. C. Steinbach, A. Steffen, R. Rettig, and O. Grisk Apocynin-induced vasodilation involves Rho kinase inhibition but not NADPH oxidase inhibition Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2008; 80(2): 271 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Fabian, J. R. Perez-Polo, and T. A. Kent Perivascular nitric oxide and superoxide in neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1809 - H1814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. I. Boesen, J. M. Sasser, M. A. Saleh, W. A. Potter, M. Woods, T. D. Warner, J. S. Pollock, and D. M. Pollock Interleukin-1{beta}, but not interleukin-6, enhances renal and systemic endothelin production in vivo Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): F446 - F453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Paravicini and R. M. Touyz NADPH Oxidases, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Hypertension: Clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S170 - S180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Grossman Does Increased Oxidative Stress Cause Hypertension? Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S185 - S189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Carrier, I. Brochu, A. J. de Brum-Fernandes, and P. D'Orleans-Juste The Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Modulates Endothelin-1-Dependent Release of Prostacyclin and Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation ex Vivo in the Mouse J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2007; 323(3): 972 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Troncoso Brindeiro, A. Q. da Silva, K. J. Allahdadi, V. Youngblood, and N. L. Kanagy Reactive oxygen species contribute to sleep apnea-induced hypertension in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H2971 - H2976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Sasser, J. C. Sullivan, J. L. Hobbs, T. Yamamoto, D. M. Pollock, P. K. Carmines, and J. S. Pollock Endothelin A Receptor Blockade Reduces Diabetic Renal Injury via an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2007; 18(1): 143 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Bagnall, N. F. Kelland, F. Gulliver-Sloan, A. P. Davenport, G. A. Gray, M. Yanagisawa, D. J. Webb, and Y. V. Kotelevtsev Deletion of Endothelial Cell Endothelin B Receptors Does Not Affect Blood Pressure or Sensitivity to Salt Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 286 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Paravicini and R. M. Touyz Redox signaling in hypertension Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2006; 71(2): 247 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Sullivan, J. S. Pollock, and D. M. Pollock Superoxide-dependent hypertension in male and female endothelin B receptor-deficient rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine, June 1, 2006; 231(6): 818 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. D. Loomis, J. C. Sullivan, D. A. Osmond, D. M. Pollock, and J. S. Pollock Endothelin Mediates Superoxide Production and Vasoconstriction through Activation of NADPH Oxidase and Uncoupled Nitric-Oxide Synthase in the Rat Aorta J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1058 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Wilcox Oxidative stress and nitric oxide deficiency in the kidney: a critical link to hypertension? Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): R913 - R935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Thakali, S. L. Demel, G. D. Fink, and S. W. Watts Endothelin-1-induced contraction in veins is independent of hydrogen peroxide Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H1115 - H1122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Pollock Endothelin, Angiotensin, and Oxidative Stress in Hypertension Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 477 - 480. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 45/2/283    most recent 01.HYP.0000153051.56460.6av1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Elmarakby, A. A. Articles by Pollock, D. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Elmarakby, A. A. Articles by Pollock, D. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Medline Plus Health Information High Blood Pressure Related Collections Other hypertension Endothelium/vascular type/nitric oxide