Published online before print May 9, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000165674.58470.8f
(Hypertension. 2005;45:1200.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Articles |
Human-Antigen R (HuR) Expression in Hypertension
Downregulation of the mRNA Stabilizing Protein HuR in Genetic Hypertension
From the Physiologisches Institut II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. A.M.’s present address: II. Medizinische Klinik u. Poliklinik, Klinikum der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
Reprint requests to Stephan Klöss, Institut für Physiologie II/AG Backus, Universität Frankfurt; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 26/3.OG, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail S.Kloess{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), vasorelaxant responses to NO are attenuated compared with normotensive control rats (Wistar-Kyoto [WKY]) because of a decreased expression of the important NO receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Because the expression of sGC subunits
1 and ß1 is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by the mRNA-binding protein human-antigen R (HuR), we now assessed whether or not altered expression of HuR could account for downregulation of sGC1 and sGCß1 in genetic hypertension. The expression of HuR (and sGC1 and sGCß1) in aortas from aged SHR was significantly decreased at the mRNA and protein level compared with age-matched WKY rats, whereas expression of HuR was not different in prehypertensive young (2 months of age) SHR and age-matched WKY rats. The mRNA-binding activity of HuR in native aortic protein extracts from aged SHR was markedly reduced compared with normotensive WKY rats, as detected by RNA electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, using biotin-labeled adenine and uracil (AU)–rich element (ARE)–containing RNA probes from the 3'-untranslated region of sGC1 and sGCß1. In contrast, ARE-binding activity was not different between prehypertensive young SHR and young WKY rats. In vitro RNA degradation assays using the same AU-rich sGC mRNA probes revealed an accelerated sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA decay in the presence of native protein extract from hypertensive SHR, which was less rapid with aortic protein from normotensive WKY rats. These findings suggest that in this animal model of genetic hypertension, the reduced expression of sGC subunits is mediated by downregulation of the sGC mRNA–stabilizing protein HuR.
Key Words: rats, spontaneously hypertensive • aorta • gene regulation • hypertension, genetic
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Chronic hypertension is associated with functional and morphological alterations of the vessel wall (ie, dysfunctional vascular endothelium and thickening of the smooth muscle layer). The pathomechanisms accounting for hypertension-induced vascular alterations are likely to be multifactorial. A major homeostatic factor in the vessel wall is NO, which is generated from L-arginine by endothelial NO synthase. NO reduces vascular tone by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and stimulation of cGMP formation and cGMP-activated protein kinase-I (cGK-I). Activated cGK-I reduces vascular tone by interference with intracellular Ca2+ mobilization1 and inhibition of contractile filament function.2
In animal models of hypertension such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), disturbances of the NO–cGMP system contribute to vascular dysfunction. Thus, increased oxidative stress interfering with endogenous NO bioavailability and reduced expression of sGC interfering with NO downstream signaling have been reported.3–5 sGC is a heterodimeric hemoprotein consisting of 1 (76 to 81.5 kDa) and ß1 (70 kDa) subunits.6 We have shown recently that the expression of sGC is subject to post-transcriptional regulation.7 The elav-like (embryonic-lethal abnormal vision) mRNA-binding protein human-antigen R (HuR) stabilizes the sGC1 mRNA by binding to highly conserved AU-rich elements (AREs; AUUUA) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR).7 AREs are targeted for rapid mRNA decay, and thus the presence of AREs within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of numerous mRNAs plays a critical role in regulating mRNA stability and degradation.8 Understanding of the regulation of HuR activity and expression has emerged only recently. Thus, we have shown that cGMP- and cAMP-eliciting agonists decrease HuR expression in rat aortic tissue and cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells7,9 and, at the same time, decrease expression of sGC1 and sGCß1 subunits. Cyclic nucleotide-induced downregulation of HuR expression occurred via activation of Fos/activator protein-1 transcription factors.9 These findings indicate that HuR is not only an important factor controlling vascular gene expression, but is also subject to control by vasoactive factors that regulate cGMP and cAMP levels. In the current study, we wished to test whether or not the expression and function of the mRNA-binding protein HuR in rat aorta is affected by genetic hypertension.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The antibodies, oligonucleotides, and chemicals for these studies can be found in an online supplement available at http://www.hypertensionaha.org.
Animals
Investigations were performed with isolated aortic rings from 2-month-old prehypertensive and aged (15 to 18 months) hypertensive (SHR) male rats and normotensive age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (n=4 to 6 in each group). For more details about these rats, see the online supplement.
Preparation of the Total Protein From Nuclear and Cytosolic Extracts
For more details on preparation of the total protein from nuclear and cytosolic extracts, see the online supplement.
Construction and Purification of the Glutathione S-Transferase–HuR Fusion Protein
The plasmid construct pGEX-HuR (generated from pGEX2T) was prepared as described.10 For the amplification and purification of the glutathione S-transferase (GST)–HuR fusion protein, see the online supplement.
Western Blots
Western blotting of total protein extracts for the detection of HuR, -actin, and sGC subunits was performed as described previously.7
Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction
The isolation of total RNA from rat aorta and the RT-PCR for HuR, sGC1 and sGCß1 subunits, and elongation factor II (ef II) mRNA were performed exactly as described previously.5
Synthesis of sGC1 and sGCß1 3'-UTR mRNA by In Vitro Transcription
Total RNA of rat aortic tissue was used as a template for RT-PCR amplification of the 3'-UTR of sGC 1/ß1 cDNA regions as described.7 For more details, see the online supplement.
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and supershift assays with total native protein extracts from rat aortic tissue were performed essentially as described.7 The oligonucleotide sequences can be found in the online supplement.
In Vitro RNA Degradation Assay
More details on the in vitro RNA degradation assay can be found in the online supplement.
Northern Blots
Total RNA samples were fractionated and electroblotted as described previously.7,11 For more information, see the online supplement.
Statistics
Where appropriate, data were analyzed for significance of differences using ANOVA. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. When comparing multiple means, the Bonferroni correction was applied.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Influence of Chronic Hypertension on HuR Expression
To study the influence of long-lasting genetic hypertension on expression of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR, endothelium-denuded isolated aortae of young (2 months of age) prehypertensive and old (15 to 16 months of age) hypertensive SHR and age-matched normotensive WKY rats were analyzed. An HuR immunoreactive band migrating at 34 kDa (Figure 1A) was identified in all aortae. The expression of HuR protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05; n=6 to 7 rats; ANOVA) in old SHR compared with age-matched WKY rats (Figure 1A). As shown previously, chronic hypertension was also associated with a decrease of both sGC
1 and ß1 subunits (Figure 1A) but did not alter the expression of -actin (Figure 1A). The changes in HuR protein expression were accompanied by similar changes in HuR mRNA abundance (P<0.05; n=3 rats; ANOVA), as shown by RT-PCR (Figure 1B) and Northern blotting (Figure 1C). In contrast, the protein content (Figure 2A) and mRNA expression rate (Figure 2B) of HuR were not different in young rats of either strain. However, the protein synthesis of HuR was markedly reduced in old SHR compared with young SHR (Figure 2C). Moreover, the content of ef II mRNA was not affected by hypertension (Figures 1B and 2
B). This finding shows that chronic hypertension in SHR is associated with a significantly decreased expression of HuR in the aorta.
|
|
Interaction of Recombinant HuR With the 3'-UTR of the sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA
As shown in the scheme on the left side of Figure 3, the 3'-UTR of the rat sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA contains several conserved AREs (indicated by 
), which are targeted for a rapid mRNA degradation by specific endonucleases.8 Although we demonstrated previously an interaction of endogenous HuR present in cell and tissue extracts with the 3'-UTR of the rat sGC1 mRNA,7,9 we now assessed the interaction of GST-tagged recombinant purified HuR with rat sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA. Biotin-labeled riboprobes from the 3'-UTR of sGC1 (3UTRSK1) and sGCß1 (ß1-UTR) were incubated for 30 minutes with either GST–HuR fusion protein or recombinant GST (control), and HuR–riboprobe complex formation was detected by RNA EMSA. Both probes migrated as single bands at the bottom (front; Figure 3A and 3B). In the presence of purified GST–HuR fusion protein, the riboprobes were shifted upward (Figure 3, shift), indicating a complex formation between HuR and 3UTRSK1 (Figure 3A) and ß1-UTR (Figure 3B). Preincubation of HuR with a 100-fold excess of an unlabeled synthetic ARE, [AUUUA]4, prevented the complex formation between HuR and 3UTRSK1, indicating a competition between the synthetic ARE and the truncated 3'-UTR of sGC1 mRNA (Figure 3A). mRNA-binding activity was not observed with pure GST (Figure 3A; n=3). Furthermore, the extent of the sGCß1 mRNA band shift seen in Figure 3B was high at low concentrations of HuR and decreased with an increasing amount of HuR added. We assume that an excess of fusion protein shields the biotin label, thereby preventing the streptavidin–horseradish peroxidase reaction for riboprobe detection, or that a nuclease contamination of the GST–HuR preparation destroys the riboprobe at higher concentrations. In summary, HuR-binding activity was detected for both 3'-UTRs of the rat sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA.
|
Mutagenesis Analysis of Conserved AREs Within 3'-UTR of sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA
From the preceding experiments, it was still unclear which nucleotide sequences were responsible for a specific interaction between HuR and these 3'-UTR transcripts. To identify specific HuR-binding sites, we chose highly conserved ARE and CU-rich element (CRE) regions of the 3'-UTR from sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA (40-mere) and analyzed the interaction with HuR by EMSA. The riboprobes DR1GC3UTR2 (Figure 4A) and ß1GC3UTR1 (Figure 4B) were incubated for 15 to 30 minutes at 4°C with purified GST and GST–HuR protein. As shown in Figure 4, both riboprobes were shifted by low doses of HuR (ie, 200 ng HuR induced a detectable shift with DR1GC3UTR2 [Figure 4A]; and 30 to 60 ng HuR with ß1GC3UTR1 [Figure 4B]). In contrast, purified GST did not interact with both RNA transcripts (Figure 4). In control experiments, even a high dose of HuR (400 ng) failed to induce a shift of mismatch riboprobes with mutation of the specific ARE/CRE motifs to GC-rich motifs DR1GC3UTR2MIS (Figure 4A) and ß1GC3UTR1MIS (Figure 4B). The latter probe showed 2 bands, presumably monomeric and dimeric RNA, independent of the presence or absence of HuR (Figure 4B). In summary, the highly conserved AREs/CREs of both 3'-UTRs from sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA are responsible for a specific binding of HuR.
|
Comparison of the HuR-Binding Activity in Old SHR and WKY Rats
We then analyzed whether the reduced expression of HuR in hypertensive SHR translated into reduced HuR-binding activity in native protein from rat aorta, using EMSA with sGC mRNA riboprobes DR1GC3UTR2 (Figure 5A) or ß1GC3UTR1 (Figure 5B) as an HuR specific activity assay. In the presence of protein from old WKY rats, a specific band shift signal was observed for DR1GC3UTR2 (Figure 5A), and 2 signals were detected for ß1GC3UTR1 (Figure 5B). In contrast, with aortic protein from old SHR, the band shift signals with both riboprobes decreased (Figure 5A and 5B). Addition of a monoclonal HuR antibody to aortic protein from WKY rats (and from young SHR; data not shown) induced a supershift for DR1GC3UTR2 (Figure 5A, lane 8) and ß1GC3UTR1 (Figure 5B, lane 10), indicating the presence of HuR in the shifted bands. These results show that the downregulation of the HuR expression in hypertensive SHR correlates with a decrease in the HuR binding for conserved AREs in the 3'-UTR of sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA.
|
Comparison of Consensus ARE-Like–Binding Activity of HuR in SHR and WKY Rats
To clarify whether the decreased HuR-binding activity for sGC-specific AREs in aged SHR represented total HuR-binding activity, we performed EMSAs with a consensus ARE, [AUUUA]4. Incubations without protein served as a control for unbound [AUUUA]4. As shown in Figure 6, the consensus ARE-binding activity of HuR in aortic extracts from old SHR was significantly reduced compared with old WKY rats (Figure 6A). In contrast, [AUUUA]4-binding activity was not different between young prehypertensive SHR and young WKY rats (Figure 6B) or between young and old WKY rats (n=4; data not shown). Consequently, reduced expression of HuR in old SHR translated into reduced HuR binding to a conserved ARE.
|
Degradation of sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA by Native Extracts of Aortas From Old SHR and WKY Rats
We then assessed by an in vitro RNA degradation assay whether reduced HuR expression and sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA-binding activity in hypertensive SHR accounts for decreased sGC mRNA stability. Total native protein extracts of endothelium-denuded rat aortas were incubated at 30°C with either biotin-labeled oligoribonucleotide DR1GC3UTR2 or ß1GC3UTR1. After 15, 30, and 45 minutes, RNA degradation was stopped, RNA was separated by denaturing 20% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)/7 mol/L urea and electroblotted onto nylon membranes (see Materials and Methods). The decay rate of the DR1GC3UTR2 (Figure 7A) and ß1GC3UTR1 (Figure 7B) mRNA was significantly enhanced by aortic protein from old SHR compared with WKY rats (Figure 7A and 7B). In contrast, in vitro RNA degradation of the mismatched ARE-mutated riboprobes DR1GC3UTR2MIS and ß1GC3UTR1MIS was not different between old SHR and WKY rats (data not shown). In summary, these experiments demonstrate an accelerated degradation of ARE-containing and HuR-protected mRNA probes from the 3'UTR of sGC subunits by aortic extracts from old SHR.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In aged SHR, the NO–vasodilator responsiveness of the aorta is reduced.3 We recently provided an explanation for this arterial dysfunction by showing that
1 and ß1 subunits of the NO receptor sGC are downregulated in these animals.5 We now set out to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We decided to focus on a specific post-transcriptional mechanism, which we identified previously to account for cyclic nucleotide–induced downregulation of sGC1 and sGCß1 subunits in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and aortic tissue from normotensive rats.7,9 This mechanism is based on regulation of mRNA stability by the elav-like protein HuR,8 which binds to AREs present in the 3'-UTR of sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA. HuR protects ARE-containing mRNAs from degradation, presumably by preventing the attack of specific endonucleases that are targeted to AREs.12 We reported that cGMP and cAMP destabilize sGC mRNA by downregulation of HuR expression.7,9
HuR Expression and Activity in Chronic Hypertension
We now show that in aortic tissue from aged SHR, the expression of HuR is decreased by >50% at the protein and mRNA level compared with normotensive age-matched WKY rats (Figure 1). We also confirmed our previous findings that expression of sGC1 and sGCß1 is decreased to a similar degree in aged SHR (Figure 1). In contrast, HuR expression was not different between prehypertensive young SHR and young WKY rats (Figure 2). By EMSA, we ascertained that the reduced expression of HuR in aged SHR translated into a similarly reduced binding of HuR present in native aortic protein extract to an ARE-containing 40-nt-sized riboprobe from the 3'-UTR of sGC1 and to a mixed ARE/CRE containing riboprobe from the 3'-UTR of sGCß1 (Figure 5). Using a model ARE, [AUUUA]4,9 we could also show that HuR-binding activity was not different in aortic extract from young SHR and WKY rats (Figure 6), in accordance with equal HuR expression in these normotensive rats. Because decreased HuR expression does not necessarily translate into decreased protection of HuR-targeted mRNAs, we assessed the influence of aortic protein on sGC mRNA stability in vitro using the same riboprobes as for EMSA. Indeed, the in vitro degradation of AU-rich sGC mRNA–specific riboprobes during 45 minutes at 30°C was accelerated in the presence of native protein from aortas of aged SHR compared with WKY rats (Figure 7). Altogether, these findings suggest that chronic hypertension induces changes in HuR expression and activity, which account for decreased sGC expression and activity in the aorta of hypertensive rats.
Specificity of the Interaction of HuR With the 3'-UTR of sGC1 and sGCß1 mRNA
Using affinity-purified GST-tagged recombinant HuR in EMSA experiments, we confirmed our previous observation performed with cell and tissue extracts that HuR binds to a 1.1-kb fragment of the 3'-UTR of sGC1 mRNA containing 6 AREs and to the full-length 3'-UTR of the ß1 mRNA containing 7 AREs (Figure 3). Furthermore, we could demonstrate a specific interaction of recombinant HuR with an ARE-containing 40-nt riboprobe from the 3'-UTR of sGC1 mRNA and with an mixed ARE/CRE–containing probe from the 3'-UTR of sGCß1 mRNA (Figure 4). Mutation of these AREs and CREs resulted in complete loss of HuR binding, indicating the specific requirement of these sequence motifs for HuR recognition of these truncated mRNAs. CREs lacking the AUUUA pentamer were described recently as new HuR targets and were classified as type III AREs.13 sGCß1 seems to represent another example in which interaction of HuR with a CRE (in addition to interaction with AREs) stabilizes the respective mRNA.
Significance of Downregulation of HuR in Chronic Hypertension
Our present findings suggest that downregulation of sGC expression by downregulation of HuR fulfills intracellular signaling requirements for adaptation of the arterial vascular wall to chronic hypertension. In SHR, vascular remodeling is a complex process leading to different morphological phenotypes in early and late hypertension and in different vascular beds.14 In the aorta, hypertrophic growth is prevailing in late hypertension. HuR regulates progression of the cell cycle15–17 and sGC activation was shown to block progression of the cell cycle in vascular smooth muscle cells.18 Therefore, it is conceivable that downregulation of HuR and sGC is required for hypertrophic remodeling of the aortic wall. This hypothesis is also supported by the observation that sGC is downregulated during neointima formation in rat carotid artery in response to balloon injury and that adenoviral sGC1 and sGCß1 gene transfer plus NO donor application prevented neointima formation in this model.19 Furthermore, altered expression of other HuR-regulated proteins, such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9),20 the ß2-adrenergic receptor,21 angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptors, and others,22 may contribute to this adaptation to chronic hypertension. For instance, MMP-9 was found to be slightly reduced in hearts of hypertensive SHR,23 and the ß2-adrenergic and AT2 receptors are downregulated in several vessel types in chronic hypertension.24,25
However, it must be kept in mind that HuR is not the sole trans-acting factor regulating mRNA stability by cis-regulatory elements. A prominent opponent of HuR is the mRNA-destabilizing protein AU-rich RNA binding factor-1 (AUF1), which competes with HuR for the same AREs in target mRNAs and facilitates degradation of ARE-targeted mRNAs by specific endonucleases.22 By Western blot analysis, we detected all 4 AUF1 isoforms (p45, p42, p40, and p37) in aortic tissue from old SHR and WKY rats (S. Klöss et al, unpublished results, 2003). We also found that AUF1 proteins can bind to the 3'-UTR of sGC1 and sGCß1. However, expression of these AUF1 isoforms was not different between both rat strains (S. Klöss et al, unpublished results, 2003). According to these findings, we may speculate that the ratio between HuR and AUF1 activity controls sGC mRNA stability and that HuR is the dominating factor in normotensive rat aorta. However, when this ratio decreases, such as in long-lasting hypertension, AUF1-mediated mRNA degradation may take over and lead to sGC mRNA destabilization. Further studies will have to clarify the molecular mechanism accounting for decreased HuR expression in this condition.
Perspectives
We show here that the decrease in sGC1 and sGCß1 protein expression in aged SHR very likely results from a shorter half life of sGC subunit mRNAs in aged SHR because of downregulation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR. The molecular mechanism underlying reduced HuR expression in this animal model is worth being resolved. We made some suggestions.7,9 Our present finding bears multiple implications. Obviously, a consequence of decreased HuR expression is the reduced nitrovasodilator responsiveness observed in the aorta of aged SHR. However, it is conceivable that other cGMP-dependent processes in vascular smooth muscle cells (and other cells) may be affected as well, such as proliferation, hypertrophic remodeling, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, which we did not study here. On the other hand, because HuR controls the mRNA stability of a variety of cardiovascular targets, all these will potentially be affected in this animal model, and the respective alterations in gene expression will constitute the adaptive response to chronic hypertension. This has to be verified in the human system, too. Furthermore, our finding bears on other situations in which HuR and sGC expression are altered in concert, such as in embryonal and postnatal development of different organ systems, and in cell cycle progression. Altogether, this underpins that HuR is a main player in regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was supported by a grant from the DFG (German Research Foundation) to A.M. (SFB 553, TP C10). We thank Marion Cöster for expert technical assistance, Dr H. Kleinert (Institute of Pharmacology, University of Maine) for providing the GST-HuR plasmids, and Dr W. Linz (DRG Cardiovascular, Frankfurt/Main, Germany) for making aged SHR available to us.
Received January 18, 2005; first decision February 9, 2005; accepted March 24, 2005.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Geiselhoringer A, Werner M, Sigl K, Smital P, Worner R, Acheo L, Stieber J, Weinmeister P, Feil R, Feil S, Wegener J, Hofmann F, Schlossmann J. IRAG is essential for relaxation of receptor-triggered smooth muscle contraction by cGMP kinase. EMBO J. 2004; 23: 4222–4231.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Horowitz A, Menice CB, Laporte R, Morgan KG. Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction. Physiol Rev. 1996; 76: 967–1003.
3. Bauersachs J, Bouloumie A, Mulsch A, Wiemer G, Fleming I, Busse R. Vasodilator dysfunction in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats: changes in NO synthase III and soluble guanylyl cyclase expression, and in superoxide anion production. Cardiovasc Res. 1998; 37: 772–779.
4. Ruetten H, Zabel U, Linz W, Schmidt HH. Downregulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in young and aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res. 1999; 85: 534–541.
5. Kloss S, Bouloumie A, Mulsch A. Aging and chronic hypertension decrease expression of rat aortic soluble guanylyl cyclase. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 43–47.
6. Koesling D, Friebe A. Soluble guanylyl cyclase: structure and regulation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1999; 135: 41–65.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Kloss SW, Furneaux H, Mulsch A. Posttranscriptional regulation of soluble guanylylcyclase expression in rat aorta. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 2377–2383.
8. Fan XC, Steitz JA. Overexpression of HuR, a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, increases the in vivo stability of ARE-containing mRNAs. EMBO J. 1998; 17: 3448–3460.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Kloss S, Srivastava R, Mulsch A. Down-regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase expression by cyclic AMP is mediated by mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR. Mol Pharmacol. 2004; 65: 1440–1451.
10. Rodriguez-Pascual F, Hausding M, Ihrig-Biedert I, Furneaux H, Levy AP, Forstermann U, Kleinert H. Complex contribution of the 3'-untranslated region to the expressional regulation of the human inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. Involvement of the RNA-binding protein HuR. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 26040–26049.
11. Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987; 162: 156–159.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Zhao Z, Chang FC, Furneaux HM. The identification of an endonuclease that cleaves within an HuR binding site in mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000; 28: 2695–2701.
13. Wein G, Rossler M, Klug R, Herget T. The 3'-UTR of the mRNA coding for the major protein kinase C substrate MARCKS contains a novel CU-rich element interacting with the mRNA stabilizing factors HuD and HuR. Eur J Biochem. 2003; 270: 350–365.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Intengan HD, Schiffrin EL. Vascular remodeling in hypertension: roles of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 581–587.
15. Wang W, Caldwell MC, Lin S, Furneaux H, Gorospe M. HuR regulates cyclin A and cyclin B1 mRNA stability during cell proliferation. EMBO J. 2000; 19: 2340–2350.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Millard SS, Vidal A, Markus M, Koff A. A U-rich element in the 5' untranslated region is necessary for the translation of p27 mRNA. Mol Cell Biol. 2000; 20: 5947–5959.
17. Kullmann M, Göpfert U, Siewe B, Hengst L. ELAV/Hu proteins inhibit p27 translation via an IRES element in the p27 5'UTR. Genes Dev. 2002; 16: 3087–3099.
18. Kronemann N, Nockher WA, Busse R, Schini-Kerth VB. Growth-inhibitory effect of cyclic GMP- and cyclic AMP-dependent vasodilators on rat vascular smooth muscle cells: effect on cell cycle and cyclin expression. Br J Pharmacol. 1999; 126: 349–357.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Sinnaeve P, Chiche JD, Nong Z, Varenne O, Van Pelt N, Gillijns H, Collen D, Bloch KD, Janssens S. Soluble guanylate cyclase alpha(1) and beta(1) gene transfer increases NO responsiveness and reduces neointima formation after balloon injury in rats via antiproliferative and antimigratory effects. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 103–109.
20. Akool el-S, Kleinert H, Hamada FM, Abdelwahab MH, Forstermann U, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W. Nitric oxide increases the decay of matrix metalloproteinase 9 mRNA by inhibiting the expression of mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR. Mol Cell Biol. 2003; 23: 4901–4916.
21. Blaxall BC, Pellett AC, Wu SC, Pende A, Port JD. Purification and characterization of beta-adrenergic receptor mRNA-binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 4290–4297.
22. Misquitta CM, Iyer VR, Werstiuk ES, Grover AK. The role of 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) mediated mRNA stability in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001; 224: 53–67.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
23. Rizzoni D, Rodella L, Porteri E, Rezzani R, Sleiman I, Paiardi S, Guelfi D, De Ciuceis C, Boari GE, Bianchi R, Agabiti-Rosei E. Effects of losartan and enalapril at different doses on cardiac and renal interstitial matrix in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2003; 25: 427–441.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Werstiuk ES, Lee RM. Vascular beta-adrenoceptor function in hypertension and in ageing. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000; 78: 433–452.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25. Goto M, Mukoyama M, Sugawara A, Suganami T, Kasahara M, Yahata K, Makino H, Suga S, Tanaka I, Nakao K. Expression and role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in the kidney and mesangial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2002; 25: 125–133.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
Related Article:
Hypertension 2005 45: 1068-1069.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. de Frutos, C. H. Nitta, E. Caldwell, J. Friedman, and L. V. Gonzalez Bosc Regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase-{alpha}1 expression in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension: role of NFATc3 and HuR Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2009; 297(3): L475 - L486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Fisslthaler and I. Fleming Activation and Signaling by the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., July 17, 2009; 105(2): 114 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ren, Z. Mi, N. A. Stewart, and E. K. Jackson Identification and Quantification of 2',3'-cAMP Release by the Kidney J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2009; 328(3): 855 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. G. Sharina, F. Jelen, E. P. Bogatenkova, A. Thomas, E. Martin, and F. Murad {alpha}1 Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) Splice Forms as Potential Regulators of Human sGC Activity J. Biol. Chem., May 30, 2008; 283(22): 15104 - 15113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Murthy Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase by Muscarinic m2 Receptors via G{beta}{gamma}-Dependent Activation of c-Src Kinase J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2008; 325(1): 183 - 189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Cabilla, M. d. C. Diaz, L. I. Machiavelli, A. H. Poliandri, F. A. Quinteros, M. Lasaga, and B. H. Duvilanski 17{beta}-Estradiol Modifies Nitric Oxide-Sensitive Guanylyl Cyclase Expression and Down-Regulates Its Activity in Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland Endocrinology, September 1, 2006; 147(9): 4311 - 4318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||