Published online before print May 31, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000169154.94803.35
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(Hypertension. 2005;46:19.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorial Commentaries |
Urinary Albumin Excretion
Lowering the Threshold of Risk in Hypertension
From the Hypertension Clinic, Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Correspondence to Josep Redon, Hypertension Clinic, Internal Medicine, Hospìtal Clinico, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain. E-mail josep.redon{at}uv.es
During the past few years, a subtle increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) not detectable by routine methods, microalbuminuria, has become a prognostic marker for cardiovascular and/or renal risk in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Consequently, microalbuminuria assessment is now recommended in a risk stratification strategy not only in diabetic subjects but also for hypertension management. Microalbuminuria is defined as UAE from 30 to 300 mg/24 hours or equivalent amounts using timed overnight or spot urine samples (Table). The definition comes from studies that have established its value as a marker of risk for nephropathy in diabetic subjects. When the potential prognostic value of microalbuminuria on cardiovascular disease was being assessed in diabetic and nondiabetic populations, the threshold value pointing to an increment of risk was largely below the UAE value of 30 mg/24 hours regardless of the population studied.1 Dammsgard2 in an elderly population demonstrated that subjects with timed overnight UAE >7.5 µg/min had a higher mortality rate than those with lower values. Borch-Johnsen3 found, in a population-based cohort of 2085 consecutive subjects, the relative risk of ischemic heart disease associated with an spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio of only >0.65 mg/mmol was 2.3 when adjusted for other risk factors, Likewise, Jager, in the Hoorn study,4 a population-based cohort aged 50 to 75 years followed-up prospectively for 5 years, albumin/creatinine ratio >2.0 mg/mmol in a spot urine was associated with a 4-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality and 
2-fold increase in all-cause mortality. Furthermore, in a cohort of postmenopausal women living in Utrech,5 the cardiovascular age-adjusted mortality rate for hypertensive women who were in the highest quintile of UAE was 4.3-times greater than that observed in women without detectable UAE. The highest quintile corresponded to an albumin/creatinine ratio >2.41 mg/mmol. Finally, in the cohort of subjects included in the HOPE study,6 compared with the lowest quartile of albumin/creatinine ratio, the relative risk of the primary end point in the fourth quartile, defined as albumin/creatinine ratio >1.62 mg/mmol, was 1.97.
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Klausen et al,7 in this issue, have delved deeply at this point, not only in looking for a threshold for risk but also in calculating risk along a wide range of UAE. They have observed that hypertensive subjects with a timed overnight UAE >5 µg/min have an increased risk for total mortality and coronary heart disease. The risk of coronary heart disease and mortality significantly increases 70% and 50%, respectively, when the UAE is between 5 and 10 µg/min, and 100% for both when the UAE is >10 µg/min. In their study, increments of risks are independent of the factors that are known to influence the presence of microalbuminuria: age, blood pressure levels, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, creatinine clearance, or total or high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Even though UAE was only measured once, it was performed in timed overnight samples, which are among the most reproducible.
Two recently published studies have also shed light on our knowledge of microalbuminuria in hypertension populations and how it can be managed.8 In one study by our group, subjects with an initial UAE level in the high-normal range, from 15 to 29 mg/24 hours, have an increased risk of progressing toward microalbuminuria. The development of microalbuminuria is linked to insufficient blood pressure control and to a progressive increment of glucose values. Thus, appropriate intervention may reduce the progressive increment of UAE. Ibsen et al9 in the LIFE study find that baseline and in-treatment levels of albuminuria are powerful predictors for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Reduction in albuminuria during treatment translates into a reduction in cardiovascular events. Although the units by which UAE have been expressed differ among the 3 studies, the 5 µg/min from Klausen is close to the 15 mg/24 hours from our study, in which there was an increased risk for UAE to increase over time, and to the 1 mg/mmol of creatinine in a morning urine spot, corresponding to the second strata of risk in the Ibsen study.
Until studies specifically designed to answer whether UAE may be used as an intermediate endpoint to monitor the success of a reduction in cardiovascular and renal risk are available such in diabetes,10 how can this new information influence daily clinical practice? The 3 studies pointed to monitoring of albuminuria as an integrated part of the management of hypertension.
In diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, the continuous relationship between UAE and cardiovascular risk raises the question of the value of UAE when there is a substantial increment of risk and, consequently, when intervention is justified. Furthermore, what should be the UAE goal during intervention? Defining the risk of microalbuminuria at an early stage, such as at the threshold established in the Klausen study, would be adequate for guiding therapies geared to preventing progression of UAE. If albuminuria is not decreased by a patient’s current antihypertensive and/or other treatment, further intervention directed toward blood pressure control and other modifiable risks should be considered.
Finally, Klausen et al propose in the title of their article "a new definition of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects." The use of the term microalbuminuria as defined by different values according to the disease considered, eg, diabetes or hypertension, diseases that are closely linked to each other may be misleading. The use of UAE, avoiding categorization with a given threshold, should be encouraged.
The assessment of subtle increases in UAE is a powerful way to identify those at risk for multiple cardiovascular risk factor intervention. Changes in UAE seem to run in parallel to cardiovascular risk, and prompt intervention to avoid the progressive increment of UAE may result in better protection against hypertension-induced morbility and mortality. Although some pieces of information remain to be found, UAE has come of age in the arena of hypertension.
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Footnotes |
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The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
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References |
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 Top References |
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1. Redon J, Williams B. Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Redefining the threshold. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 353–355.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Damsgaard EM, Froland A, Jorgensen OD, Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ. 1990; 300: 297–300.
3. Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S, Schroll M, Jensen JS. Urinary albumin excretion. An independent predictor of ischemic heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 1992–1997.
4. Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhe HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD. Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: five-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 617–624.
5. Roest M, Banga JD, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, Sixma JJ, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, van Der Schouw YT. Excessive urinary albumin levels are associated with future cardiovascular mortality in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 2001; 103: 3057–3061.
6. Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Halle JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S; HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. J Am Med Assoc. 2001; 286: 421–426.
7. Klausen KP, Scharling H, Jensen G, Jensen JS. New definition of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects: Association with incident coronary heart disease and death. Hypertension. 2005; 46: 33–37.
8. Pascual JM, Rodilla E, Gonzalez C, Perez-Hoyos S, Redon J. Long-term impact of systolic blood pressure and glycemia on the development of microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 1125–1130.
9. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnnsen K, Lindholm luteinizing hormone (LH) Mogensen CE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wan Y. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: a LIFE study. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 198–202.
10. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, Keane WF, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, Snapinn S, Cooper ME, Mitch WE, Brenner BM. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation. 2004; 110: 921–927.
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