Published online before print September 25, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000244108.30909.27
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(Hypertension. 2006;48:958.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Articles |
Angiotensin II Stimulates Endothelial NO Synthase Phosphorylation in Thoracic Aorta of Mice With Abdominal Aortic Banding Via Type 2 Receptor
From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
Correspondence to Hiroshi Okamoto, PhD, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan. E-mail okamotoh{at}pharm.kobegakuin.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Abdominal aortic banding in mice induces upregulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 (AT2) receptors in the pressure-overloaded thoracic aorta. To clarify mechanisms underlying the vascular AT2 receptor-dependent NO production, we measured aortic levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), eNOS phosphorylated at Ser633 and Ser1177, protein kinase B (Akt), and Akt phosphorylated at Ser473 in thoracic aortas of mice after banding. Total eNOS, both forms of phosphorylated eNOS, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt levels, as well as cGMP contents, were significantly increased 4 days after banding. The administration of PD123319 (an AT2 receptor antagonist) or icatibant (a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist) abolished the banding-induced upregulation of both forms of phosphorylated eNOS, as well as elevation of cGMP, but did not affect the upregulation of eNOS, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt. In the in vitro experiments using aortic rings prepared from banded mice, Ang II produced significant increases in both forms of phosphorylated eNOS, as well as cGMP, and these effects were blocked by PD123319 and icatibant. Ang II–induced eNOS phosphorylation and cGMP elevation in aortic rings were inhibited by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors H89 and KT5720 but not by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY24002. The contractile response to Ang II was attenuated in aortic rings from banded mice via AT2 receptor, and this attenuation was blocked by PKA inhibitors. These results suggest that the activation of AT2 receptor by Ang II induces phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 and Ser1177 via a PKA-mediated signaling pathway, resulting in sustained activation of eNOS.
Key Words: angiotensin II type 2 receptor • endothelial nitric oxide synthase • bradykinin • signal transduction
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Introduction |
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NO is produced in the vascular system by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). The enzymatic activity of eNOS is stimulated by a variety of mechanical forces, such as shear stress and stretching, as well as hormonal factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, estrogen, acetylcholine, and bradykinin.1–6 The enzyme activity of eNOS is regulated in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner.7 However, recent studies have demonstrated that other posttranslational modifications can regulate eNOS.8,9 Several phosphorylation sites on eNOS have been identified, and different protein kinases regulate phosphorylation of each site; phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177 (human sequence) is mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase G, and AMP-activated protein kinase, whereas phosphorylation at Ser633 (human sequence) is mediated by PKA.8,9 Phosphorylation at Ser1177 or Ser633 activates eNOS and increases its sensitivity to Ca2+/calmodulin, leading to enhanced NO production in endothelial cells.8,9
Angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling is mediated by 2 receptor subtypes, type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2).10 The activation of AT1 receptors is largely responsible for the development of hypertension in Ang II–dependent hypertension, whereas the activation of AT2 receptor is thought to play a counterregulatory protective role in the regulation of blood pressure that opposes the AT1 receptor–mediated hypertensive actions of Ang II through kinin/NO–dependent mechanisms.11 Several studies have shown that the AT2 receptor is upregulated in cardiovascular tissues under pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, and vascular injury.12 However, it is unknown whether increased numbers of AT2 receptors counterbalance the AT1-mediated actions of Ang II under these pathological conditions.
Recently, we found that the AT2 receptor was upregulated in thoracic aortas of rats and mice within 4 days after abdominal aortic banding13,14 and in mice with 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension.15 It was also found that aortic rings prepared from these animals exhibited an attenuated contractile response to Ang II and that this attenuation was mediated by the AT2 receptors via the kinin/NO/cGMP cascade.14,15 Furthermore, the activation of AT2 receptors in aortas of mice with 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension resulted in eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177, resulting in the enhanced production of NO.15 These findings suggest that Ang II increases the enzyme activity of eNOS via AT2 receptor–mediated eNOS phosphorylation, although the precise mechanisms are unknown.
Thus, the first aim of the present study was to confirm that the activation of AT2 receptors is associated with phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 and/or Ser1177 and results in increased NO production. The second aim was to determine which protein kinases are involved in AT2 receptor–dependent eNOS phosphorylation, because phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 and Ser1177 in intact cells by different kinases seems to be regulated by different stimuli.8 We used thoracic aortas of mice with abdominal aortic banding, because AT2 receptors are markedly upregulated in these aortas. Our results demonstrate that activation of AT2 receptors induces phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 and Ser1177 in an Akt-independent and PKA-dependent manner.
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Methods |
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Animals and Aortic Banding
All of the animal experiments were performed according to the guidelines of the Kobe Gakuin University Experimental Animal Care and Use Committee. Male, 8-week-old ICR mice (Japan SLC, Hamamatsu, Japan) weighing 35 to 37 g were used for all of the studies. Aortic banding was performed by constricting the abdominal aorta between the renal arteries just below the renal bifurcations as described previously.16
Western Blotting of eNOS, Phosphorylated eNOS, Akt, and Phosphorylated Akt
Protein contents of eNOS, Akt, and their phosphorylated forms in aortic tissues were measured by Western blotting, as described previously,15 using commercially available polyclonal antibodies specific for Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) at Ser473 (p-Akt-Ser473) and phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS) at Ser1177 ([p-eNOS-Ser1177] Cell Signaling), eNOS (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and eNOS phosphorylated at Ser633 ([p-eNOS-Ser633] Upstate). To adjust for loading differences, blots were reprobed with a monoclonal antibody to ß-actin (Sigma).
In Vitro Experiments Using Aortic Rings
The thoracic aortas were excised 4 days after sham operation or banding and cut into 3-mm rings, as described previously.13 Aortic rings were equilibrated for 1.5 hours in an organ bath containing a Krebs–Henseleit solution (37°C, pH 7.4) under a resting tension of 0.7 g13 then treated with Ang II (0.1 µmol/L) for 10 minutes. To examine the effects of receptor antagonists or protein kinase inhibitors, aortic rings were equilibrated in the organ bath for 1 hour, then incubated for an additional 30 minutes with PD123319 (1 µmol/L; Sigma),14 icatibant (1 µmol/L; Sigma),14,17 wortmannin (1 µmol/L; Sigma),18 LY24002 (10 µmol/L; Calbiochem),19 H89 (10 µmol/L; Cell Signaling),18 or KT5720 (10 µmol/L; Calbiochem)19 before exposure to Ang II. Rings were frozen in dry ice acetone and kept at –80°C until they were analyzed.
Measurement of Contractile Response to Ang II in Aortic Rings
The cumulative concentration–response curves in aortic rings were constructed for Ang II (0.1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L), as described previously.13 Receptor antagonist or kinase inhibitor was added 30 minutes before exposure to Ang II.
Assay of Aortic cGMP Content
The cGMP content in thoracic aortas or aortic rings was measured by radioimmunoassay.13 Protein content of samples was determined by the Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad).
Statistical Analysis
All of the data are expressed as mean±SE. Statistical comparison of cGMP content under various treatments was performed using 1-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons by the Bonferroni–Dunn method.
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Results |
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Increased eNOS and p-eNOS Contents in Thoracic Aortas of Mice After Abdominal Aortic Banding
We determined the protein content of eNOS and p-eNOS in thoracic aortas of mice 4 days after abdominal aortic banding, because the AT2 receptor expression increases markedly in thoracic aortas of banded mice compared with sham animals.14 The eNOS content in aortas of banded mice was
3-fold greater than those of sham animals (Figure 1). Upregulation of eNOS by banding was not affected by the administration of either PD123319 (an AT2 receptor antagonist; 10 mg/kg IP, twice a day)20 or icatibant (a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist; 0.5 mg/kg IP, once a day)21 for 4 days after banding (Figure 1). As shown in Figure 1, aortic contents of p-eNOS at Ser633 and at Ser1177 in banded mice were 3-fold greater than in sham animals, and these upregulations of p-eNOS were completely inhibited by administration of PD123319 or icatibant for 4 days. Neither PD123319 nor icatibant affected the levels of eNOS and p-eNOS in sham animals (data not shown).
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Increased Akt and p-Akt Contents in Thoracic Aortas of Mice After Abdominal Aortic Banding
Akt, a serine/threonine kinase that is a major target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kiniase (PI3K), phosphorylates eNOS at Ser1177, and this phosphorylation enhances eNOS activity and increases NO production in vascular endothelial cells.22,23 Protein levels of both Akt and p-Akt at Ser473 in thoracic aortas were significantly increased in aortas of banded mice compared with sham mice (Figure 2). The administration of PD123319 or icatibant for 4 days after banding did not affect the banding-induced upregulation of Akt and p-Akt (Figure 2). PD123319 and icatibant did not affect the aortic content of Akt and p-Akt in sham animals (data not shown).
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Increased cGMP Content in Thoracic Aortas of Mice After Abdominal Aortic Banding
The cGMP contents in thoracic aortas of banded mice were 6-fold greater than those in sham mice (18.13±1.87 fmol/mg of protein in 6 banded mice versus 3.05±0.48 fmol/mg of protein in 6 sham-mice; P<0.001; Figure 3). The banding-induced elevation of aortic cGMP was abolished by administration of PD123319 or icatibant for 4 days after banding (Figure 3). PD123319 and icatibant did not affect the aortic cGMP content in sham animals (data not shown).
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Effects of Ang II on eNOS and p-eNOS Levels in Aortic Rings In Vitro
To determine the involvement of Ang II in eNOS phosphorylation, we studied the in vitro effects of Ang II on levels of eNOS and p-eNOS in aortic rings prepared from sham and banded mice. The basal levels of eNOS, p-eNOS-Ser633, and p-eNOS-Ser1177 were significantly greater in aortic rings from banded mice than those from sham mice, although aortic rings were incubated in vitro for 1.5 hours after the excision (Figure 4). Basal levels of these proteins in aortic rings from banded mice were not affected by an in vitro treatment with PD123319 (1 µmol/L) or icatibant (1 µmol/L) for 30 minutes (data not shown). Treatment with Ang II (0.1 µmol/L) for 10 minutes did not affect the contents of eNOS in aortic rings from banded mice (Figure 4) or sham mice (data not shown). In contrast, the levels of both p-eNOS-Ser633 and p-eNOS-Ser1177 were further increased in aortic rings from banded mice after treatment with Ang II (Figure 4), whereas aortic rings from sham mice were not affected by Ang II (data not shown). The elevation of p-eNOS-Ser1177 or p-eNOS-Ser633 by Ang II was significantly inhibited by PD123319 (1 µmol/L) or icatibant (1 µmol/L; Figure 4).
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P<0.001 vs Ang II-treated banded rings.
Effects of Ang II on Akt and p-Akt Levels in Aortic Rings In Vitro
The basal levels of Akt and p-Akt at Ser473 were significantly greater in aortic rings from banded mice than those from sham mice (data not shown). Treatment with Ang II (0.1 µmol/L) for 10 minutes did not affect the contents of Akt and p-Akt in aortic rings from banded mice (data not shown).
Effects of Protein Kinase Inhibitors on Ang II–Induced Phosphorylation of eNOS in Aortic Rings
To determine which protein kinases are involved in AT2 receptor–mediated phosphorylation of eNOS, aortic rings pretreated with PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin, 1 µmol/L; LY24002, 10 µmol/L) or PKA inhibitors (H89, 10 µmol/L; KT5720, 10 µmol/L) were exposed to Ang II for 10 minutes. Neither wortmannin nor LY24002 affected the Ang II–induced increases of p-eNOS-Ser1177 and p-eNOS-Ser633 in aortic rings from banded mice (Figure 5). In contrast, pretreatment of aortic rings from banded mice with H89 or KT5720 resulted in a significant inhibition of Ang II–induced increases in both p-eNOS-Ser633 and p-eNOS-Ser1177 (Figure 5). These PKA inhibitors did not affect the basal levels of p-eNOS-Ser1177 and p-eNOS-Ser633 (data not shown). These protein kinase inhibitors did not affect the levels of total eNOS (Figure 5), Akt, and p-Akt (data not shown) in Ang II–treated or untreated aortic rings from banded mice.
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Effects of AT2 and B2 Receptor Antagonists and Protein Kinase Inhibitors on Ang II–Induced Increases in cGMP Contents of Aortic Rings
The cGMP content of aortic rings from banded mice was significantly greater than in aortic rings from sham mice (10.05±1.12 fmol/mg of protein in 8 banding rings versus 2.33±0.32 fmol/mg of protein in 8 sham-rings; P<0.001; Figure 6). Basal levels of cGMP in rings from banded mice were not affected by an in vitro treatment with PD123319 (1 µmol/L), icatibant (1 µmol/L), wortmannin (1 µmol/L), LY24002 (10 µmol/L), H89 (10 µmol/L), or KT5720 (10 µmol/L) for 30 minutes (data not shown).
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Treatment with Ang II (0.1 µmol/L) for 10 minutes resulted in a significant elevation of cGMP contents in aortic rings from banded mice compared with basal levels (30.11±1.55 fmol/mg of protein in 8 Ang II–treated rings versus 10.05±1.12 fmol/mg of protein in 8 untreated rings; P<0.001; Figure 6). Either PD123319 (1 µmol/L) or icatibant (1 µmol/L) almost completely inhibited the Ang II–induced increases in cGMP contents (Figure 6). The Ang II–induced increases in cGMP were not affected by wortmannin (1 µmol/L) and LY24002 (10 µmol/L) but were strongly inhibited by H89 (10 µmol/L; 18.02±1.31 fmol/mg of protein in 8 rings) and KT5720 (10 µmol/L; 17.95±1.41 fmol/mg of protein in 8 rings) versus Ang II alone (30.11±1.55 fmol/mg of protein in 8 rings; P<0.001; Figure 6).
Effects of Protein Kinase Inhibitors on the AT2 Receptor–Mediated Attenuation of Ang II–Induced Contractile Response of Aortic Rings
Ang II–induced contractile response was attenuated in aortic rings from banded mice as compared with those from sham mice, and this attenuation was inhibited by either PD123319 or icatibant (Figure 7A). Pretreatment with PKA inhibitors (H89, 10 µmol/L; KT5720, 10 µmol/L; Figure 7C) but not PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin, 1 µmol/L; LY24002, 10 µmol/L; Figure 7B) also significantly inhibited the attenuation of Ang II–induced contractile response in aortic rings from banded mice. These protein kinase inhibitors did not affect the Ang II–induced contractile response in aortic rings from sham mice (data not shown).
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Discussion |
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As demonstrated in previous studies using the mouse and rat,13,14 abdominal aortic banding induces upregulation of AT2 receptors in the thoracic aorta, and the activation of aortic AT2 receptors in banded mice by Ang II results in enhanced NO production and increased cGMP.14 The upregulated AT2 receptors may be continuously stimulated by Ang II in banded animals, because the circulating levels of Ang II are elevated after banding,24 and the administration of PD123319 abolished the elevation of cGMP in thoracic aortas of animals with banding.14 Thus, it is likely that the AT2 receptor functionally couples to the activation of the NO/cGMP system.
The phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 or Ser1177 results in reduced calcium dependence and sustained release of endothelial NO.8,9 The eNOS is phosphorylated at Ser1177 by Akt, which is phosphorylated and activated by PI3K.22,23 In the present studies, we found that abdominal aortic banding resulted in increased levels of eNOS, p-eNOS at Ser633 and Ser1177, Akt, and p-Akt at Ser473 in the thoracic aortas. The administration of PD123319 completely inhibited the banding-induced increases in p-eNOS, suggesting a mediation of AT2 receptors in eNOS phosphorylation. Like PD123319, the administration of icatibant abolished the banding-induced elevation of both p-eNOS and cGMP in aortas, confirming previous studies that the AT2 receptor–mediated vasodilator response to Ang II is mediated by a kinin/NO-dependent mechanism.14,15 In contrast, the banding-induced increases in total eNOS, total Akt, and p-Akt were not affected by PD123319 or icatibant, suggesting that upregulation of these proteins is independent of AT2 and B2 receptors and, hence, is not associated with increased production of NO in thoracic aortas of banded mice. The mechanisms underlying the banding-induced upregulation of these proteins are unknown, but changes in the mechanical forces on the vascular wall may be important.1–3
To confirm further that the activation of AT2 receptors by Ang II is associated with eNOS phosphorylation, aortic rings were prepared from banded mice and treated with Ang II in vitro. Ang II produced increased levels of p-eNOS-Ser633 and p-eNOS-Ser1177, as well as cGMP. These effects of Ang II on both p-eNOS and cGMP levels were blocked by PD123319 or icatibant, suggesting that Ang II stimulates NO production through activation of eNOS by phosphorylation at Ser633 and/or at Ser1177 via the AT2 and B2 receptors. In contrast, p-Akt levels in aortic rings from banded mice were not affected by Ang II, suggesting that Akt is not a downstream effector of the AT2 receptor in eNOS phosphorylation.
The cGMP levels remained elevated in aortic rings from banded mice compared with sham rings, although the aortic rings were incubated without addition of Ang II for 1.5 hours after excision, suggesting that NO production remained elevated during the in vitro experiments. Because treatment with PD123319 did not affect the basal levels of cGMP in aortic rings from banded mice, it is unlikely that Ang II generated in aortic rings is responsible for the sustained NO production. Rather, it seems likely that the activation of eNOS before excision of aortas was maintained for 
1.5 hours in vitro. This is similar to data showing that both p-eNOS-Ser633 and p-eNOS-Ser1177 after treatment with shear stress or 8-bromo-cAMP remain at elevated levels in bovine endothelial cells for 
1 hour.25
In this study, we found that the Ang II–induced elevations of p-eNOS-Ser633 and p-eNOS-Ser1177, as well as cGMP contents in aortic rings from banded mice, were inhibited by PKA inhibitors but not by PI3K inhibitors. PKA inhibitors also exhibited a significant inhibition on the AT2 receptor–dependent attenuation of Ang II–induced contractile response in aortic rings from banded mice. These results suggest that the AT2 receptor–dependent eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633 or Ser1177, as well as vasodilator response to Ang II, is mediated by PKA.
The stimulation of AT2 receptors causes local production of bradykinin in vessels and myocardium, which, in turn, stimulates B2 receptors to activate the NO/cGMP cascade.26,27 Our present study also supports B2 receptor–mediated cGMP production in aortas of banded mice, suggesting that bradykinin is an important mediator involving in the AT2 receptor–dependent phosphorylation of eNOS. Bradykinin can induce PKA-dependent eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633 and Akt-dependent phosphorylation at Ser1177.9 However, a recent study using bovine endothelial cells demonstrated that bradykinin-induced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177, as well as NO production, was blocked by a PKA inhibitor but not by a PI3K inhibitor.28 Our present results are consistent with these studies indicating that bradykinin stimulates eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633 and Ser1177 via PKA-dependent mechanisms. These data further support a potential role of bradykinin as a downstream effector of the AT2 receptor.
Perspectives
The present study demonstrates that the vascular AT2 receptor mediates the vasodilator action of Ang II through PKA-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS, which results in enhanced NO production in endothelial cells. Bradykinin is probably an important mediator involved in eNOS phosphorylation in a signaling pathway downstream of AT2 receptor. These data will help our understanding of the vasoprotective actions of AT1 receptor antagonists in cardiovascular diseases, in which the vascular AT2 receptor is upregulated.
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Acknowledgments |
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Sources of Funding
This study was supported in part by a grant (16590074) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan (to K.Y. and H.O.), Academic Frontier Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (2006-2010; to K.Y. and H.O.) and a Grant-in-Aid-for Health Science Research of Kobe Gakuin University (to K.Y. and H.O.).
Disclosures
None.
Received June 12, 2006; first decision July 5, 2006; accepted August 24, 2006.
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