Published online before print April 7, 2008, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.110254
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(Hypertension. 2008;51:e37.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Letters to the Editor |
Wave Reflection in Systolic Hypertension: Smaller Stature, Shorter Aorta: Higher Pulse Pressure?
Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and, Department of Epidemiology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Pharmacology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Department of Epidemiology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
In a recent issue of Hypertension, Mitchell et al1 suggested that, among patients with systolic hypertension, reduced aortic diameter and increased wall stiffness, rather than premature wave reflection, are primarily responsible for increasing pulse pressure (PP). We share the concerns gently expressed in the accompanying editorial2 that conceptual and methodologic issues do not substantiate the conclusions put forward by Mitchell et al.1
First, the authors subdivided their patients according to median PP. This arbitrary dichotomization of the study population led to an overrepresentation of women with small stature in the high PP group (56% versus 28%). Body height averaged 166 cm as opposed to 172 cm in the high and low PP groups, respectively. This imbalance might flaw the interpretation of the results as proposed by Mitchell et al.1 Indeed, at similar heart rates, early wave reflection and, hence, systolic augmentation occur more readily in shorter individuals because of the shorter length of the aorta. Small stature is associated with increased peak systolic pressure and shorter travel time of reflected waves.3 In a recent longitudinal study by Regidor et al,4 short stature was independently associated with increased PP in women. In the same study, height was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure but positively with diastolic blood pressure, although an independent association between height and diastolic blood pressure was found only in women.4
Second, in Figure 3, Mitchell et al1 pooled women and men without providing any statistical evidence that the regression lines in the sexes were coincident, with no differences in intercepts or slopes.
Third, cyclic overstretching of the proximal aorta by elevated peak systolic blood pressure and subsequent elastin fracture contributes to the stiffening of the central arteries. We calculated the wall tension at the level of the aortic root as described by Laplaces’ law (Table) from the diameter and systolic and diastolic blood pressures, while assuming a 0.125 wall:radians thickness ratio, because no direct measurement of wall thickness was available in the article by Mitchell et al.1 The wall tension in the high PP group appears to be higher (Table). The impedance mismatch in individuals with both a small outflow tract and smaller stature might predispose the proximal aorta to earlier mechanical wear.
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We conclude that the 2 hypotheses on the pathogenesis of increased PP (small aortic outflow diameter versus increased wave reflection through arterial stiffening) might not be mutually exclusive. Only properly conducted longitudinal studies, not the analysis of an arbitrarily subdivided cross-sectional study, can inform a definite conclusion. Future studies should also include a proper quantification of "pump-and-tubing" geometry through state-of-the-art imaging techniques to avoid the use of the Moens-Korteweg equation for more objective results.
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Acknowledgments |
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Disclosures
None.
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References |
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 Top References |
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1. Mitchell GF, Conlin PR, Dunlap ME, Lacourciere Y, Arnold JM, Ogilvie RI, Neutel J, Izzo JL Jr, Pfeffer MA. Aortic diameter, wall stiffness, and wave reflection in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2008; 51: 105–111.
2. Vasan RS. Pathogenesis of elevated peripheral pulse pressure: some reflections and thinking forward. Hypertension. 2008; 51: 33–36.
3. London GM, Guerin AP, Pannier BM, Marchais SJ, Metivier F. Body height as a determinant of carotid pulse contour in humans. J Hypertens Suppl. 1992; 10: S93–S95.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Regidor E, Banegas JR, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Dominguez V, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Influence of childhood socioeconomic circumstances, height, and obesity on pulse pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older people. J Hum Hypertens. 2006; 201: 73–82.
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  M. O'Rourke, A. Farnsworth, and J. O'Rourke Aortic dimensions and stiffness in normal adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., November 1, 2008; 1(6): 749 - 751. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. F. Mitchell, P. R. Conlin, M. E. Dunlap, Y. Lacourciere, J. M. O. Arnold, R. I. Ogilvie, J. Neutel, J. L. Izzo Jr, and M. A. Pfeffer Response to Wave Reflection in Systolic Hypertension: Smaller Stature, Shorter Aorta: Higher Pulse Pressure? and Questions Regarding the Aortic Measurements of Mitchell et al Hypertension, May 1, 2008; 51(5): e39 - e40. [Full Text] [PDF]
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