Published online before print February 21, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000158313.57142.3f
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Hypertension. 2005;45:485.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorial Commentaries |
Morning Surge and Variability in Blood Pressure
A New Therapeutic Target?
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
Correspondence to Kazuomi Kario, MD, PhD, FACP, FACC, FAHA, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Minamikawachi, Kawachi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. E-mail kkario{at}jichi.ac.jp
Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) exhibits significant diurnal variation with modification of various psychological and physical stimulations during daily living.1 There is a consensus that the average ambulatory BP levels over 24 hours are more closely associated with hypertensive target organ damage and cardiovascular event than clinical BP.2 In addition, exaggerated ambulatory BP variation may be important in addition to the average BP level. However, results of previous studies that attempted to demonstrate the association between BP variability and cardiovascular disease are inconsistent. Some studies have found that ambulatory BP variability is a significant and independent determinant of target organ damage and poor cardiovascular prognosis,3,4 whereas others have not found an independent association.5 The reason for these inconsistent results is partly the modification of diurnal BP variation. Abnormal diurnal BP variation, such as marked nocturnal BP falls (extreme dippers) or the exaggerated morning BP surge, and reverse diurnal BP variation patterns with higher sleep BP than awake BP (risers) are risks for target organ damage and cardiovascular events.6–8 These phenotypes of ambulatory BP variability are associated partly with each other and with 24-hour ambulatory BP variability. Abnormal diurnal BP variability is associated with other relatively shorter BP variability, such as orthostatic BP variabilities in elderly hypertensives.
In this issue, Zakopoulos et al newly introduce time rate of BP variation,9 which is a measure of speed of BP variation, to evaluate the effect of BP variability components on target organ damage. They found the steeper BP variability, which is greater in hypertensives than in normotensives, is closely associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT) independently of ambulatory BP level, the magnitude of BP variability, and nocturnal BP dipping. This indicates that a steeper rate of BP variability, which more closely triggers exaggerated shear stress and wall tension, is a potential independent cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Interestingly, they found that a greater rate of BP variability during the morning BP surge (6:00 AM to 10:00 AM) was also associated with increased CA-IMT, independently of the morning BP level. Because baroreceptor sensitivity reduces in the morning, the impact of BP variability and its rate may be more markedly enhanced in the morning than in other periods. The increased morning surge and rate of variability in BP may partly explain the fact that cardiovascular events occur more frequently in the morning. In fact, there are 2 prospective studies to support the possible risk of exaggerated morning BP surge and cardiovascular events independently of 24-hour BP level in hypertensive patients.6,10
Various mechanisms may be involved in the association between BP variability and cardiovascular disease, and the impact of this association may be augmented in the morning. Experimentally, increased BP variability impairs endothelial function by inhibiting NO production and enhances neointimal formation after balloon injury, and may thereby contribute to atherogenesis.11 Neurohumoral activation, which is increased in those with increased BP variability, may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased sympathetic activity, particularly the 
-adrenergic component, increases vascular tone in the resistance arteries and may contribute to the morning BP surge. In addition, coronary spasms are more likely to occur in the morning. One mechanism by which the morning BP surge may trigger vascular spasm is by increased shear stress on the vascular wall. An increase in plasma cortisol levels could enhance coronary artery sensitivity to the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines. In particular, morning BP surge associated with -adrenergic activity is closely associated with multiple silent cerebral infarcts in older hypertensive patients.7 The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is also activated in the morning and could contribute to morning BP surge and morning increase in cardiovascular risk. It was demonstrated recently that in addition to circulating factors in the cardiovascular system, the tissue RAAS also exhibits diurnal variation, possibly in relation to a clock gene.12 In addition to systemic RAAS, morning activation of the tissue RAAS could be suppressed effectively, leading to increased protection against hypertensive target organ damage and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients.
In addition to augmented mechanical stress on the cardiovascular system (which leads to cardiovascular remodeling), increased variability of blood flow by augmented BP variability increases shear stress on endothelial cells advancing atherosclerosis. Even in healthy subjects, flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery was diminished in the early morning when compared with the other periods (later in the morning and in the evening), whereas nonflow-mediated dilatation was comparable in the morning and in the other periods. The degree of morning endothelial cell dysfunction found in healthy subjects was similar to that found in high-risk patients with cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
Other contributory changes are thrombophilic tendencies including increased platelet aggregation and an increase in levels of hematocrit and fibrinogen, which leads to increased blood viscosity. Potentiation of these factors is partly triggered by getting out of bed in the morning. Platelets could be activated by high shear stress occurring at stenotic areas of atherosclerotic arteries, morning BP surge per se could trigger increased platelet aggregation in the morning. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which inhibits tissue-type plasminogen activator leading to impaired fibrinolysis, also shows a morning increase. A clock gene has been identified recently in peripheral tissues, as well as in the central suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain. PAI-1 production levels are partly regulated by a peripheral clock gene and partly by components of the RAAS system, shown by the infusion of angiotensin II causing an increase in PAI-1 levels. Further experimental studies are necessary to study the synergic effect of BP variability in the morning on hypertensive target organ damage in relation to neurohumoral and cardiovascular risk factors partly regulated by central and peripheral clock genes.
In international guidelines of hypertension management, cardiovascular risk stratification depends on the BP level and the status of the target organ damage. In addition to these 2 major predictors, BP variability may be the possible third axis of risk stratification. Further prospective and interventional studies are necessary to establish the clinical impact of BP variation, particularly in the morning, on target organ damage and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Clinically, in addition to conventional hypertension management, the specific antihypertensive treatment targeting morning hypertension and exaggerated morning BP surge may achieve more beneficial target organ protection and prevention of cardiovascular events.
 |
Footnotes |
|---|
The opinions expressed in this editorial commentary are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
|
References |
|---|
 Top References |
|---|
- Kario K, Schwartz JE, Gerin W, Robayo N, Maceo E, Pickering TG. Psychological and physical stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and diurnal blood pressure variation in women with different work shifts. Hypertens Res. 2002; 25: 543–551.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ; Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 142–161.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kikuya M, Hozawa A, Ohokubo T, Tsuji I, Michimata M, Matsubara M, Ota M, Nagai K, Araki T, Satoh H, Ito S, Hisamichi S, Imai Y. Prognostic significance of blood pressure and heart rate variabilities: the Ohasama Study. Hypertension. 2000; 36: 901–906.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Sega R, Corrao G, Bombelli M, Beltrame L, Facchetti R, Grassi G, Ferrario M, Mancia G. Blood pressure variability and organ damage in a general population: results from the PAMELA study (Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni). Hypertension. 2002; 39: 710–714.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Verdecchia P, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Schillaci G, Sacchi N, Santucci A, Santucci C, Reboldi G, Porcellati C. Prognostic significance of blood pressure variability in essential hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 1996; 1: 3–11.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Morinari M, Murata M, Kuroda T, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1401–1406.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Kario K, Pickering TG, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Morinari M, Hoshide Y, Shimada K. Morning blood pressure surge and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease: role of the -adrenergic sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: 668–675.[CrossRef][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Kario K, Pickering TG. Blood pressure variability in elderly patients. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1645–1646.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Zakopoulos NA, Tsivgoulis G, Barlas G, Papamichael C, Spengos K, Manios E, Ikonomidis I, Kotsis V, Spiliopoulou I, Vemmos K, Mavrikakis M, Moulopoulos SD. Time rate of blood pressure variation is associated with increased common carotid artery intima-media thickness. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 505–512.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Gosse P, Lasserre R, Minifie C, Lemetayer P, Clementy J. Blood pressure surge on rising. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 1113–1118.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Eto M, Toba K, Akishita M, Kozaki K, Watanabe T, Kim S, Hashimoto M, Sudoh N, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y. Reduced endothelial vasomotor function and enhanced neointimal formation after vascular injury in a rat model of blood pressure lability. Hypertens Res. 2003; 26: 991–998.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
- Naito Y, Tsujino T, Fujioka Y, Ohyanagi M, Iwasaki T. Augmented diurnal variations of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2002; 40: 827–833.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Related Article:
- Time Rate of Blood Pressure Variation Is Associated With Increased Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness
- Nikos A. Zakopoulos, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Gerassimos Barlas, Christos Papamichael, Konstantinos Spengos, Efstathios Manios, Ignatios Ikonomidis, Vassilios Kotsis, Ioanna Spiliopoulou, Konstantinos Vemmos, Myron Mavrikakis, and Spyridon D. Moulopoulos
Hypertension 2005 45: 505-512.[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  T. G. Pickering, N. H. Miller, G. Ogedegbe, L. R. Krakoff, N. T. Artinian, and D. Goff Call to Action on Use and Reimbursement for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Joint Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Hypertension, July 1, 2008; 52(1): 10 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Marfella, M. Siniscalchi, M. Portoghese, C. Di Filippo, F. Ferraraccio, C. Schiattarella, B. Crescenzi, P. Sangiuolo, G. Ferraro, S. Siciliano, et al. Morning Blood Pressure Surge as a Destabilizing Factor of Atherosclerotic Plaque: Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Activity Hypertension, April 1, 2007; 49(4): 784 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Kaplan Treatment of Hypertension: Remaining Issues After the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Hypertension, January 1, 2006; 47(1): 10 - 13. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gus, E. Dolan, A. Stanton, E. O'Brien, and J. A. Staessen Superiority of Ambulatory Over Clinic Blood Pressure Measurement Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): e11 - e12. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||