Published Online
on December 15, 2003

A more recent version of this article appeared on February 1, 2004

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Raloxifene Prevents Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction in Pressure-Overloaded Mice

Hisakazu Ogita; Koichi Node^*; Yulin Liao; Fuminobu Ishikura; Shintaro Beppu; Hiroshi Asanuma; Shoji Sanada; Seiji Takashima; Tetsuo Minamino; Masatsugu Hori; and Masafumi Kitakaze

From the Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics (H.O., Y.L., H.A., S.S., S.T., T.M., M.H.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Echocardiography (F.I., S.B.), Osaka University School of Allied Health Science, Japan; Cardiovascular Division (K.N.), Department of Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Japan; and Cardiovascular Division of Medicine (M.K.), National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nodekoi{at}post.saga-med.ac.jp.

Abstract--17-Estradiol reduces myocardial hypertrophy and left ventricular mass, suggesting that the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene may have similar effects. However, it is not clear whether raloxifene inhibits both cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. We used transverse aortic-banded mice to produce pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy and used neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes to investigate the cellular mechanisms of raloxifene on cardiac hypertrophy. Left ventricular mass and fractional shortening of mice hearts were measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Protein synthesis of cardiomyocytes was evaluated by incorporation of [³H]leucine into cardiomyocytes exposed to angiotensin II. Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was also observed in cardiomyocytes. Raloxifene prevented increases in left ventricular mass and decreases of fractional shortening at 4 weeks after aortic banding. Pretreatment with raloxifene before angiotensin II stimulation inhibited the increase in [³H]leucine incorporation into neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibition was partially but not significantly attenuated by N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, and completely abolished by ICI182780, an estrogen receptor antagonist. Although the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in cardiomyocytes was significantly increased by angiotensin II stimulation as compared with the control, pretreatment with raloxifene attenuated p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, but neither JNK nor ERK phosphorylation. We conclude that raloxifene inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction and that the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation after the stimulation of estrogen receptors may be involved in the cellular mechanisms of this agent.

Key words: echocardiography • heart failure • hormones • hypertrophy • signal transduction

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