on August 23, 2004
Hypertension. 2004
Published online before print August 23, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000142248.54761.56
Published online before print August 23, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000142248.54761.56
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Submitted on April 14, 2004
From the Office of the Secretary’s Office of Public Health and Science (L.E.F.), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; the Cardiovascular Division (L.E.F.), Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo; National Center for Health Statistics (V.L.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville, Md; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (J.A.C., E.J.R., P.S.), National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Md; and The Orkand Corporation (J.H.), Falls Church, Va. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: lefields{at}osophs.dhhs.gov.
Abstract--This study aims to estimate the absolute number of persons with hypertension (the hypertension burden) and time trends using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of United States resident adults who had hypertension in 1999 to 2000. This information is vitally important for health policy, medical care, and public health strategy and resource allocation. At least 65 million adults had hypertension in 1999 to 2000. The total hypertension prevalence rate was 31.3%. This value represents adults with elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or using antihypertensive medications (rate of 28.4%; standard error [SE], 1.1), and adults who otherwise by medical history were told at least twice by a physician or other health professional that they had high blood pressure (rate of 2.9%; SE, 0.4). The number of adults with hypertension increased by
Revised on April 28, 2004
The Burden of Adult Hypertension in the United States 1999 to 2000. A Rising Tide
Larry E. Fields*;
30% for 1999 to 2000 compared with at least 50 million for 1988 to 1994. The 50 million value was based on a rate of 23.4% for adults with elevated blood pressure or using antihypertensive medications and 5.5% for adults classified as hypertensive by medical history alone (28.9% total; P<0.001). The 30% increase in the total number of adults with hypertension was almost 4-times greater than the 8.3% increase in total prevalence rate. These trends were associated with increased obesity and an aging and growing population. Approximately 35 million women and 30 million men had hypertension. At least 48 million non-Hispanic white adults, 9 million non-Hispanic black adults, 3 million Mexican American, and 5 million other adults had hypertension in 1999 to 2000.
Key words: hypertension, detection and control • blood pressure
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 Z. Yu, V. Y. Ng, P. Su, M. M. Engler, M. B. Engler, Y. Huang, E. Lin, and D. L. Kroetz Induction of Renal Cytochrome P450 Arachidonic Acid Epoxygenase Activity by Dietary {gamma}-Linolenic Acid J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2006; 317(2): 732 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Elmer, E. Obarzanek, W. M. Vollmer, D. Simons-Morton, V. J. Stevens, D. R. Young, P.-H. Lin, C. Champagne, D. W. Harsha, L. P. Svetkey, et al. Effects of Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification on Diet, Weight, Physical Fitness, and Blood Pressure Control: 18-Month Results of a Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, April 4, 2006; 144(7): 485 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. D. Smith, P. Levy, C. M. Ferrario, and for the Consideration of Noninvasive Hemodynamic M Value of Noninvasive Hemodynamics to Achieve Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Subjects Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 771 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Fine and J. A. Cutler Hypertension and the Treating Physician: Understanding and Reducing Therapeutic Inertia Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 319 - 320. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. C. Okonofua, K. N. Simpson, A. Jesri, S. U. Rehman, V. L. Durkalski, and B. M. Egan Therapeutic Inertia Is an Impediment to Achieving the Healthy People 2010 Blood Pressure Control Goals Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 345 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Appel, M. W. Brands, S. R. Daniels, N. Karanja, P. J. Elmer, and F. M. Sacks Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Hypertension, February 1, 2006; 47(2): 296 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Clark, R. A. Benkert, and J. M. Flack Violence Exposure and Optimism Predict Task-Induced Changes in Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in a Normotensive Sample of Inner-City Black Youth Psychosom Med, January 1, 2006; 68(1): 73 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Hertz, A. N. Unger, J. A. Cornell, and E. Saunders Racial Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, and Management Arch Intern Med, October 10, 2005; 165(18): 2098 - 2104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Forman, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, and G. C. Curhan Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Incident Hypertension: Results From Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 676 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Wang and R. S. Vasan Epidemiology of Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States Circulation, September 13, 2005; 112(11): 1651 - 1662. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Robbins, M. F. Elias, P. K. Elias, and M. M. Budge Blood Pressure and Cognitive Function in an African-American and a Caucasian-American Sample: The Maine-Syracuse Study Psychosom Med, September 1, 2005; 67(5): 707 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Lloyd-Jones, J. C. Evans, and D. Levy Hypertension in Adults Across the Age Spectrum: Current Outcomes and Control in the Community JAMA, July 27, 2005; 294(4): 466 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Johnson, M. S. Segal, T. Srinivas, A. Ejaz, W. Mu, C. Roncal, L. G. Sanchez-Lozada, M. Gersch, B. Rodriguez-Iturbe, D.-H. Kang, et al. Essential Hypertension, Progressive Renal Disease, and Uric Acid: A Pathogenetic Link? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2005; 16(7): 1909 - 1919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Peralta, L. S. Hicks, G. M. Chertow, J. Z. Ayanian, E. Vittinghoff, F. Lin, and M. G. Shlipak Control of Hypertension in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1119 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Katovich, J. L. Grobe, M. Huentelman, and M. K. Raizada Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a novel target for gene therapy for hypertension Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 299 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Johnson, B. Rodriguez-Iturbe, T. Nakagawa, D.-H. Kang, D. I. Feig, and J. Herrera-Acosta Subtle Renal Injury Is Likely a Common Mechanism for Salt-Sensitive Essential Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2005; 45(3): 326 - 330. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Forman, E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, and G. C. Curhan Folate Intake and the Risk of Incident Hypertension Among US Women JAMA, January 19, 2005; 293(3): 320 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Egan Hypertension in the 21st Century: The Tide Is Rising; Our Daze Must End Hypertension, October 1, 2004; 44(4): 389 - 389. [Full Text] [PDF]
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