on November 22, 2004
Published online before print November 22, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000149431.79450.a2
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on September 7, 2004
From the Blood Pressure Unit (F.J.H., N.D.M., G.A.S., G.A.M.), St. George’s Hospital Medical School; and the Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.E.W.), Imperial College, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: g.macgregor{at}sghms.ac.uk.
Abstract--Salt intake is a major regulator of blood pressure. There is evidence that those who develop high blood pressure have an underlying defect in the ability of the kidney to excrete salt. It has been suggested that this results in a greater tendency to retain sodium and an increased compensatory response that is responsible for the rise in blood pressure. There is also evidence suggesting that small increases in plasma sodium may directly affect blood pressure, independent of the associated expansion in extracellular volume. We reanalyzed 3 types of studies of changing salt intake. (1) An acute and large reduction in salt intake from 350 mmol/d to 10 to 20 mmol/d for 5 days in hypertensives and normotensives was associated with a fall in plasma sodium of
Revised on October 5, 2004
Plasma Sodium. Ignored and Underestimated
Feng J. He;
3 mmol/L (P<0.001). (2) Progressive increases in salt intake from 10 to 250 mmol/d by a daily amount of 50 mmol in normotensives caused increases in plasma sodium (P<0.001). (3) Longer-term modest reduction in salt intake in hypertensives was studied in double-blind randomized crossover studies; 1 month of usual salt intake (170 mmol/d) compared with reduced salt intake (100 mmol/d). There was a decrease in plasma sodium of 0.4±0.2 mmol/L (P<0.05), which was weakly but significantly correlated with the fall in systolic blood pressure (r=0.18; P<0.05). These studies demonstrate that an increase or a decrease in salt intake causes changes in plasma sodium. Small changes in plasma sodium alter extracellular volume, which may influence blood pressure. Changes in plasma sodium may also affect blood pressure directly.
Key words: plasma • sodium • blood pressure
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. W. Sanders Vascular consequences of dietary salt intake Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2009; 297(2): F237 - F243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Adams, M. E. Bardgett, and S. D. Stocker Ventral Lamina Terminalis Mediates Enhanced Cardiovascular Responses of Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Neurons During Increased Dietary Salt Hypertension, August 1, 2009; 54(2): 308 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Ritz How Little Aldosterone is Able to Raise Blood Pressure? Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 703 - 710. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Li, J. White, L. Guo, X. Zhao, J. Wang, E. J. Smart, and X.-A. Li Salt Inactivates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Endothelial Cells J. Nutr., March 1, 2009; 139(3): 447 - 451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Adams, J. J. McCarthy, and S. D. Stocker Excess Dietary Salt Alters Angiotensinergic Regulation of Neurons in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Hypertension, November 1, 2008; 52(5): 932 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. C. Major, S. Dhamija, N. Black, S. Liachenko, B. Morenko, G. Sobocinski, C. Okerberg, P. Tinholt, S. Madore, and M. C. Kowala The T- and L-Type Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) Mibefradil Attenuates Leg Edema Induced by the L-Type CCB Nifedipine in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: A Novel Differentiating Assay J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2008; 325(3): 723 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. F. F. Santos and A. J. Peixoto Revisiting the Dialysate Sodium Prescription as a Tool for Better Blood Pressure and Interdialytic Weight Gain Management in Hemodialysis Patients Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2008; 3(2): 522 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Oberleithner, C. Riethmuller, H. Schillers, G. A. MacGregor, H. E. de Wardener, and M. Hausberg Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release PNAS, October 9, 2007; 104(41): 16281 - 16286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. M. Wenner, W. C. Rose, E. P. Delaney, M. E. Stillabower, and W. B. Farquhar Influence of plasma osmolality on baroreflex control of sympathetic activity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2313 - H2319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Orlov and A. A. Mongin Salt-sensing mechanisms in blood pressure regulation and hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2039 - H2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. L. Brooks, K. L. Freeman, and Y. Qi Time course of synergistic interaction between DOCA and salt on blood pressure: roles of vasopressin and hepatic osmoreceptors Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): R1825 - R1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. O'Donaughy and V. L. Brooks Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Rats: Hypertension and Sympathoexcitation Driven by Increased NaCl Levels Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 680 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Khalil Dietary salt and hypertension: new molecular targets add more spice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): R509 - R513. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gasowski, P. Manunta, G. Bianchi, J. A. Staessen, F. J. He, and G. A. MacGregor Ouabain and Serum Sodium Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): e16 - e17. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|