Published Online
on September 6, 2005

A more recent version of this article appeared on October 1, 2005

This Article Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 46/4/676    most recent 01.HYP.0000182662.82666.37v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Forman, J. P. Articles by Curhan, G. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Forman, J. P. Articles by Curhan, G. C. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Medline Plus Health Information High Blood Pressure Related Collections Clinical Studies Epidemiology

Submitted on July 7, 2005
Revised on July 22, 2005

Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Incident Hypertension Results From Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies

John P. Forman^*; Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari; Walter C. Willett; Meir J. Stampfer; and Gary C. Curhan

From the Channing Laboratory (J.P.F., H.A.B.-F., W.C.W., M.J.S., G.C.C.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Renal Division (J.P.F., G.C.C.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Departments of Epidemiology (J.P.F., H.A.B.-F., W.C.W., G.C.C.) and Nutrition (W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jforman{at}partners.org.

Abstract--Emerging evidence suggests an inverse relation between vitamin D and blood pressure. We examined the independent association between intake of vitamin D and the risk of incident hypertension among participants of 3 large and independent prospective cohorts: Nurses Health Study I (NHS I; n=77 436), NHS II (n=93 803), and Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study (HPFS; n=38 074). Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for incident hypertension were computed according to quintiles of vitamin D intake using Cox proportional hazards regression and adjusted for relevant covariates. Each cohort was followed for 8 years. Vitamin D intake was not associated with the risk of developing hypertension. The multivariable relative risk estimates for the highest compared with lowest quintile of intake were 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) in NHS I, 1.13 (0.99 to 1.29) in NHS II, and 1.03 (0.93 to 1.15) in HPFS. When we compared participants who consumed 1600 to <400 IU per day and those who consumed 1000 to <200 IU per day, no association was found. We conclude that higher intake of vitamin D is not associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension.

Key words: vitamins • diet • epidemiology • human

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Almirall, M. Vaqueiro, M. L. Bare, and E. Anton Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and high arterial blood pressure in the elderly Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 11, 2009; (2009) gfp470v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Johal and A. Levin Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in General Populations: Understandings in 2009 and Applications to Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2009; 4(9): 1508 - 1514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Reis, D. von Muhlen, E. R. Miller III, E. D. Michos, and L. J. Appel Vitamin D Status and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the United States Adolescent Population Pediatrics, September 1, 2009; 124(3): e371 - e379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. Melamed, E. D. Michos, W. Post, and B. Astor 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Mortality in the General Population Arch Intern Med, August 11, 2008; 168(15): 1629 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. E Judd, M. S Nanes, T. R Ziegler, P. W. Wilson, and V. Tangpricha Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 136 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Burgaz, A. Akesson, A. Oster, K. Michaelsson, and A. Wolk Associations of diet, supplement use, and ultraviolet B radiation exposure with vitamin D status in Swedish women during winter Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1399 - 1404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Schwalfenberg Not enough vitamin D: Health consequences for Canadians Can Fam Physician, May 1, 2007; 53(5): 841 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Forman, E. Giovannucci, M. D. Holmes, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, S. S. Tworoger, W. C. Willett, and G. C. Curhan Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Incident Hypertension Hypertension, May 1, 2007; 49(5): 1063 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. F. Saadi, E. Kazzam, B. A. Ghurbana, and M. G. Nicholls Hypothesis: Correction of low vitamin D status among Arab women will prevent heart failure and improve cardiac function in established heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, November 1, 2006; 8(7): 694 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]