on September 12, 2005
Published online before print September 12, 2005, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on May 11, 2005
From the Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: robert.fagard{at}uz.kuleuven.ac.be.
Abstract--Previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the effects of chronic dynamic aerobic endurance training on blood pressure reported on resting blood pressure only. Our aim was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis including resting and ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. Inclusion criteria of studies were: random allocation to intervention and control; endurance training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of
Revised on June 1, 2005
Effects of Endurance Training on Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure-Regulating Mechanisms, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Véronique A. Cornelissen and Robert H. Fagard*
4 weeks; availability of systolic or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer-reviewed journal up to December 2003. The meta-analysis involved 72 trials, 105 study groups, and 3936 participants. After weighting for the number of trained participants and using a random-effects model, training induced significant net reductions of resting and daytime ambulatory blood pressure of, respectively, 3.0/2.4 mm Hg (P<0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mm Hg (P<0.01). The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (-6.9/-4.9) than in the others (-1.9/-1.6; P<0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% (P<0.05), plasma norepinephrine by 29% (P<0.001), and plasma renin activity by 20% (P<0.05). Body weight decreased by 1.2 kg (P<0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm (P<0.001), percent body fat by 1.4% (P<0.001), and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance by 0.31 U (P<0.01); HDL cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L-1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favorably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors.
Key words: exercise • blood pressure • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. M. Briones and R. M. Touyz Moderate Exercise Decreases Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Hypertension: But What Are the Mechanisms? Hypertension, December 1, 2009; 54(6): 1206 - 1208. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. G. Bronas and A. S. Leon Lifestyle Modifications for Its Prevention and Management American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, November 1, 2009; 3(6): 425 - 439. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kokkinos, A. Manolis, A. Pittaras, M. Doumas, A. Giannelou, D. B. Panagiotakos, C. Faselis, P. Narayan, S. Singh, and J. Myers Exercise Capacity and Mortality in Hypertensive Men With and Without Additional Risk Factors Hypertension, March 1, 2009; 53(3): 494 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Martin, T. S. Church, A. M. Thompson, C. P. Earnest, and S. N. Blair Exercise Dose and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial Arch Intern Med, February 9, 2009; 169(3): 269 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Palatini, P. Visentin, F. Dorigatti, C. Guarnieri, M. Santonastaso, S. Cozzio, F. Pegoraro, A. Bortolazzi, O. Vriz, L. Mos, et al. Regular physical activity prevents development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2009; 30(2): 225 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Kjeldsen, T. A. Aksnes, R. H. Fagard, and G. Mancia CHAPTER 13 Hypertension ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kohler, J. C. T. Pepperell, B. Casadei, S. Craig, N. Crosthwaite, J. R. Stradling, and R. J. O. Davies CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2008; 32(6): 1488 - 1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Miyashita, S. F Burns, and D. J Stensel Accumulating short bouts of brisk walking reduces postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and resting blood pressure in healthy young men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2008; 88(5): 1225 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. K. Pedersen State of the Art Reviews: Health Benefits Related to Exercise in Patients With Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, August 1, 2007; 1(4): 289 - 298. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members:, G. Mancia, G. De Backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard, G. Germano, G. Grassi, A. M. Heagerty, S. E. Kjeldsen, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2007; (2007) ehm236v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S. Church, C. P. Earnest, J. S. Skinner, and S. N. Blair Effects of Different Doses of Physical Activity on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Sedentary, Overweight or Obese Postmenopausal Women With Elevated Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, May 16, 2007; 297(19): 2081 - 2091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|