(Hypertension. 2000;35:858.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Sodium and Blood Pressure
A Critical Review of Current Scientific Evidence
From Boston University School of Medicine (A.V.C.), Boston, Mass; the Center for Nursing Research (M.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Md; and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
Key Words: blood pressure • cardiovascular diseases • sodium
 |
Introduction |
|---|
The Workshop on Sodium and Blood Pressure was convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in Bethesda, Md, on January 28 and 29, 1999, to update earlier reviews of this topic.1 2 3 Other topics covered were sodium intake in relation to other cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CVD conditions, research needs, and public policy considerations. More than 55 invited speakers and other attendees from the United States and abroad reviewed and discussed the scientific information. This review synthesizes the presentations and discussions.
|
Overview of Relation Between Sodium and Blood Pressure |
|---|
Epidemiological studies conducted over the past 50 years have shown a clear curvilinear relation of higher adult blood pressure (BP) levels to higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure. A continuous relation is apparent from below the 120/80 mm Hg level. Thus, a significant portion of CVD occurs in persons whose BP has not reached the arbitrary 140/90 mm Hg level defining hypertension. Studies show unequivocally that lowering high BP in hypertensive patients can reduce the likelihood of developing or dying from CVD, including CHD and stroke. Dietary factors in individuals and in the population at large have important effects on BP levels, which are generally assumed to translate to CVD risk. For the nonhypertensive subset, a population-wide approach to lowering BP (an approach based on lifestyle modifications that have been shown to prevent or delay increases in BP) could affect the total CVD burden as much as or more than treating only those with established hypertension.
There is an abundance
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. Summers, A. Leonard, D. Wentworth, J. L. Saver, J. Simpson, J. A. Spilker, N. Hock, E. Miller, P. H. Mitchell, and on behalf of the American Heart Association Counci Comprehensive Overview of Nursing and Interdisciplinary Care of the Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Stroke, August 1, 2009; 40(8): 2911 - 2944. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Papanikolaou and V. L. Fulgoni III Bean Consumption Is Associated with Greater Nutrient Intake, Reduced Systolic Blood Pressure, Lower Body Weight, and a Smaller Waist Circumference in Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2008; 27(5): 569 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Norat, R. Bowman, R. Luben, A. Welch, K. T. Khaw, N. Wareham, and S. Bingham Blood pressure and interactions between the angiotensin polymorphism AGT M235T and sodium intake: a cross-sectional population study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2008; 88(2): 392 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Larsson, M. J. Virtanen, M. Mars, S. Mannisto, P. Pietinen, D. Albanes, and J. Virtamo Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium Intakes and Risk of Stroke in Male Smokers Arch Intern Med, March 10, 2008; 168(5): 459 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Gu, T. Rice, S. Wang, W. Yang, C. Gu, C.-S. Chen, J. E. Hixson, C. E. Jaquish, Z.-J. Yao, D.-P. Liu, et al. Heritability of Blood Pressure Responses to Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake in a Chinese Population Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 116 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. K. Welty, K. S. Lee, N. S. Lew, and J.-R. Zhou Effect of Soy Nuts on Blood Pressure and Lipid Levels in Hypertensive, Prehypertensive, and Normotensive Postmenopausal Women Arch Intern Med, May 28, 2007; 167(10): 1060 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Shirazki, Z. Weintraub, D. Reich, E. Gershon, and M. Leshem Lowest neonatal serum sodium predicts sodium intake in low birth weight children Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1683 - R1689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Samal, S. Greisenegger, E. Auff, W. Lang, and W. Lalouschek The Relation Between Knowledge About Hypertension and Education in Hospitalized Patients With Stroke in Vienna Stroke, April 1, 2007; 38(4): 1304 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Douglas and M. Akil Sodium in soluble paracetamol may be linked to raised blood pressure. BMJ, May 13, 2006; 332(7550): 1133 - 1133. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chockalingam, N. Ganesan, S. Venkatesan, G. Gnanavelu, T. Subramaniam, V. Jaganathan, S. Elangovan, R. Alagesan, S. Dorairajan, A. Subramaniam, et al. Patterns and Predictors of Prehypertension Among "Healthy" Urban Adults in India Angiology, September 1, 2005; 56(5): 557 - 563. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. O. Prada, M. S. Coelho, H. G. Zecchin, M. S. Dolnikoff, A. L. Gasparetti, L. N. S. Furukawa, M. J. A. Saad, and J. C. Heimann Low salt intake modulates insulin signaling, JNK activity and IRS-1ser307 phosphorylation in rat tissues J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2005; 185(3): 429 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Vasan, L. M. Sullivan, P. W.F. Wilson, C. T. Sempos, J. Sundstrom, W. B. Kannel, D. Levy, and R. B. D'Agostino Relative Importance of Borderline and Elevated Levels of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors Ann Intern Med, March 15, 2005; 142(6): 393 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-T. Khaw, S. Bingham, A. Welch, R. Luben, E. O'Brien, N. Wareham, and N. Day Blood pressure and urinary sodium in men and women: the Norfolk Cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2004; 80(5): 1397 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Fields, V. L. Burt, J. A. Cutler, J. Hughes, E. J. Roccella, and P. Sorlie The Burden of Adult Hypertension in the United States 1999 to 2000: A Rising Tide Hypertension, October 1, 2004; 44(4): 398 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Vasan, J. C. Evans, M. G. Larson, P. W.F. Wilson, J. B. Meigs, N. Rifai, E. J. Benjamin, and D. Levy Serum Aldosterone and the Incidence of Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Persons N. Engl. J. Med., July 1, 2004; 351(1): 33 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Nagata, N. Takatsuka, N. Shimizu, and H. Shimizu Sodium Intake and Risk of Death From Stroke in Japanese Men and Women Stroke, July 1, 2004; 35(7): 1543 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Franco, S. Oparil, and O. A. Carretero Hypertensive Therapy: Part I Circulation, June 22, 2004; 109(24): 2953 - 2958. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ulbak, L. Lauritzen, H. S Hansen, and K. F Michaelsen Diet and blood pressure in 2.5-y-old Danish children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 1095 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. W. HERMAN, J. L. KONZELMAN JR., and L. M. PRISANT New national guidelines on hypertension: A summary for dentistry J Am Dent Assoc, May 1, 2004; 135(5): 576 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. DeCrane Have We Underestimated the Effects of Sodium Excess on the Health of the Public? Policy Politics Nursing Practice, February 1, 2004; 5(1): 25 - 33. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Harsha, F. M. Sacks, E. Obarzanek, L. P. Svetkey, P.-H. Lin, G. A. Bray, M. Aickin, P. R. Conlin, E. R. Miller III, and L. J. Appel Effect of Dietary Sodium Intake on Blood Lipids: Results From the DASH-Sodium Trial Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 393 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Havas, E. J. Roccella, and C. Lenfant Reducing the Public Health Burden From Elevated Blood Pressure Levels in the United States by Lowering Intake of Dietary Sodium Am J Public Health, January 1, 2004; 94(1): 19 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Manunta and G. Bianchi Low-Salt Diet and Diuretic Effect on Blood Pressure and Organ Damage J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2004; 15(90010): S43 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. Dobrian, S. D. Schriver, T. Lynch, and R. L. Prewitt Effect of salt on hypertension and oxidative stress in a rat model of diet-induced obesity Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): F619 - F628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report JAMA, May 21, 2003; 289(19): 2560 - 2571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
References Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. He, L. G. Ogden, L. A. Bazzano, S. Vupputuri, C. Loria, and P. K. Whelton Dietary Sodium Intake and Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Overweight US Men and Women: First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Arch Intern Med, July 22, 2002; 162(14): 1619 - 1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Elliott and J. Stamler Commentary: Evidence on salt and blood pressure is consistent and persuasive Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2002; 31(2): 316 - 319. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G MacGregor and H. de Wardener Commentary: Salt, blood pressure and health Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2002; 31(2): 320 - 327. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. He and P. K Whelton Commentary: Salt intake, hypertension and risk of cardiovascular disease: an important public health challenge Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2002; 31(2): 327 - 331. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Freedman and D. B. Petitti Salt and Blood Pressure: Conventional Wisdom Reconsidered Eval Rev, June 1, 2001; 25(3): 267 - 287. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Aviv Salt and Hypertension: The Debate That Begs the Bigger Question Arch Intern Med, February 26, 2001; 161(4): 507 - 510. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M Loria, E. Obarzanek, and N. D. Ernst Choose and Prepare Foods with Less Salt: Dietary Advice for All Americans J. Nutr., February 1, 2001; 131(2): 536S - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. J. Cheng, T. Vaskonen, I. Tikkanen, K. Nurminen, H. Ruskoaho, H. Vapaatalo, D. Muller, J.-K. Park, F. C. Luft, and E. M. A. Mervaala Endothelial Dysfunction and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Spontaneously Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 433 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|