(Hypertension. 2001;37:547.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Scientific Contributions |
Production and Actions of Superoxide in the Renal Medulla
From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
The present study characterized the biochemical pathways responsible for superoxide (O2-·) production in different regions of the rat kidney and determined the role of O2-·in the control of renal medullary blood flow (MBF) and renal function. By use of dihydroethidium/DNA fluorescence spectrometry with microtiter plates, the production of O2-· was monitored when tissue homogenate from different kidney regions was incubated with substrates for the major O2-·-producing enzymes, such as NADH/NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes. The production of O2-· via NADH oxidase was greater (P<0.05) in the renal cortex and outer medulla (OM) than in the papilla. The mitochondrial enzyme activity for O2-·production was higher (P<0.05) in the OM than in the cortex and papilla. Compared with NADH oxidase and mitochondrial enzymes, xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase produced much less O2-· in the kidney under this condition. Overall, the renal OM exhibited the greatest enzyme activities for O2-·production. In anesthetized rats, renal medullary interstitial infusion of a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate, markedly decreased renal MBF and sodium excretion. Diethyldithiocarbamate (5 mg/kg per minute by renal medullary interstitial infusion [RI]) reduced the renal medullary laser-Doppler flow signal from 0.6±0.04 to 0.4±0.03 V, a reduction of 33%, and both urine flow and sodium excretion decreased by 49%. In contrast, a membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic, 4-hydroxytetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL, 30 µmol/kg per minute RI) increased MBF and sodium excretion by 34% and 69%, respectively. These effects of TEMPOL on renal MBF and sodium excretion were not altered by pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 µg/kg per minute RI). We conclude that (1) renal medullary O2-· is primarily produced in the renal OM; (2) both NADH oxidase and mitochondrial enzymes are responsible for the O2-·production in this kidney region; and (3) O2-· exerts a tonic regulatory action on renal MBF.
Key Words: free radicals • oxygen • hemodynamics, renal • kidney
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