Hypertension. 2003;42:1050-1065
doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000102971.85504.7c
doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000102971.85504.7c
(Hypertension. 2003;42:1050.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
AHA Scientific Statement |
Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease
A Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention
Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements • kidney • cardiovascular diseases • risk factors
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
Chronic kidney disease1 (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In the United States, there is a rising incidence and prevalence of kidney failure, with poor outcomes and high cost. The number of individuals with kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation exceeded 320 000 in 1998 and is expected to surpass 650 000 by 2010.1,2 There is an even higher prevalence of earlier stages of CKD (Table 1).1,3 Kidney failure requiring treatment with dialysis or transplantation is the most visible outcome of CKD. However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also frequently associated with CKD, which is important because individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to develop kidney failure,4 CVD in CKD is treatable and potentially preventable, and CKD appears to be a risk factor for CVD. In 1998, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Renal Disease issued a report emphasizing the high risk of CVD in CKD.5 This report showed that there was a high prevalence of CVD in CKD and that mortality due to CVD was 10 to 30 times higher in dialysis patients than in the general population (Figure 1 and Table 2).6–18 The task force recommended that patients with CKD be considered in the "highest risk group" for subsequent CVD events and that treatment recommendations based on CVD risk stratification should take into account the highest-risk status of patients with CKD.
|
| |||||||||||
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  G. V. da Silva, S. de Barros, H. Abensur, K. C. Ortega, D. Mion Jr, and Cochrane Renal Group Prospective Trial Register: C Home blood pressure monitoring in blood pressure control among haemodialysis patients: an open randomized clinical trial Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2009; 24(12): 3805 - 3811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jia, X. Gao, C. Pang, X. Hou, Y. Bao, W. Liu, W. Wang, Y. Zuo, H. Gu, and K. Xiang Prevalence and risk factors of albuminuria and chronic kidney disease in Chinese population with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation: Shanghai diabetic complications study (SHDCS) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2009; 24(12): 3724 - 3731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Zoccali, A. Kramer, and K. J. Jager Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease--a review produced to contribute to the report 'the status of health in the European union: towards a healthier Europe' NDT Plus, October 12, 2009; (2009) sfp127v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Tonna Invited Commentary: Defining Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in Epidemiologic Study Settings Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2009; 170(4): 425 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. C. Edwards, R. P. Steeds, P. M. Stewart, C. J. Ferro, and J. N. Townend Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 4, 2009; 54(6): 505 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Briet, G. Maruani, C. Collin, E. Bozec, C. Gauci, P. Boutouyrie, P. Houillier, S. Laurent, and M. Froissart Age-independent association between arterial and bone remodeling in mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 4, 2009; (2009) gfp373v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. V. Liang, E. L. Greene, A. W. Williams, C. A. Herzog, D. O. Hodge, T. E. Owan, and M. M. Redfield Exploratory study of relationship between hospitalized heart failure patients and chronic renal replacement therapy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2009; 24(8): 2518 - 2523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Selvin, A. Kottgen, and J. Coresh Kidney function estimated from serum creatinine and cystatin C and peripheral arterial disease in NHANES 1999-2002 Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2009; 30(15): 1918 - 1925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kokubo, S. Nakamura, T. Okamura, Y. Yoshimasa, H. Makino, M. Watanabe, A. Higashiyama, K. Kamide, K. Kawanishi, A. Okayama, et al. Relationship Between Blood Pressure Category and Incidence of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in an Urban Japanese Population With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease: The Suita Study Stroke, August 1, 2009; 40(8): 2674 - 2679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Jafar, Z. Qadri, and S. Hashmi Prevalence of microalbuminuria and associated electrocardiographic abnormalities in an Indo-Asian population Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 1, 2009; 24(7): 2111 - 2116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. R. deFilippi and R. H. Christenson B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)/NT-proBNP and Renal Function: Is the Controversy Over? Clin. Chem., July 1, 2009; 55(7): 1271 - 1273. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Elkareh, S. M. Periyasamy, A. Shidyak, S. Vetteth, J. Schroeder, V. Raju, I. M. Hariri, N. El-Okdi, S. Gupta, L. Fedorova, et al. Marinobufagenin induces increases in procollagen expression in a process involving protein kinase C and Fli-1: implications for uremic cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): F1219 - F1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Tsagalis, T. Akrivos, M. Alevizaki, E. Manios, M. Theodorakis, A. Laggouranis, and K. N. Vemmos Long-Term Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury after First Acute Stroke Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2009; 4(3): 616 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Chade, X. Zhu, R. Lavi, J. D. Krier, S. Pislaru, R. D. Simari, C. Napoli, A. Lerman, and L. O. Lerman Endothelial Progenitor Cells Restore Renal Function in Chronic Experimental Renovascular Disease Circulation, February 3, 2009; 119(4): 547 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Tsagalis, T. Akrivos, M. Alevizaki, E. Manios, K. Stamatellopoulos, A. Laggouranis, and K. N. Vemmos Renal dysfunction in acute stroke: an independent predictor of long-term all combined vascular events and overall mortality Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2009; 24(1): 194 - 200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Cseprekal, E. Kis, P. Schaffer, T. E. H. Othmane, B. Cs. Fekete, A. Vannay, A. J. Szabo, A. Remport, A. Szabo, T. Tulassay, et al. Pulse wave velocity in children following renal transplantation Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2009; 24(1): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Pletinck, F. Verbeke, L. Van Bortel, C. Dequidt, D. Vijt, W. Van Biesen, and R. Vanholder Acute central haemodynamic effects induced by intraperitoneal glucose instillation Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2008; 23(12): 4029 - 4035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, F. Van de Werf, J. Bax, A. Betriu, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, F. Crea, V. Falk, G. Filippatos, K. Fox, K. Huber, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology: Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2008; 29(23): 2909 - 2945. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Radbill, B. Murphy, and D. LeRoith Rationale and Strategies for Early Detection and Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2008; 83(12): 1373 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Fukuda, M. Mizuno, T. Yamanaka, M. Motokawa, Y. Shirasawa, T. Nishio, S. Miyagi, A. Yoshida, and G. Kimura Patients With Renal Dysfunction Require a Longer Duration Until Blood Pressure Dips During the Night Hypertension, December 1, 2008; 52(6): 1155 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Rifkin, M. G. Shlipak, R. Katz, L. F. Fried, D. Siscovick, M. Chonchol, A. B. Newman, and M. J. Sarnak Rapid Kidney Function Decline and Mortality Risk in Older Adults Arch Intern Med, November 10, 2008; 168(20): 2212 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Plantinga, L. E. Boulware, J. Coresh, L. A. Stevens, E. R. Miller III, R. Saran, K. L. Messer, A. S. Levey, and N. R. Powe Patient Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease: Trends and Predictors Arch Intern Med, November 10, 2008; 168(20): 2268 - 2275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Melamed, C. Bauer, and T. H. Hostetter eGFR: Is It Ready for Early Identification of CKD? Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2008; 3(5): 1569 - 1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Howell, B. E. Keogh, R. S. Bonser, T. R. Graham, J. Mascaro, S. J. Rooney, I. C. Wilson, and D. Pagano Mild renal dysfunction predicts in-hospital mortality and post-discharge survival following cardiac surgery. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2008; 34(2): 390 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Danziger Importance of Low-Grade Albuminuria Mayo Clin. Proc., July 1, 2008; 83(7): 806 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Harper and T. A. Jacobson Managing dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 24, 2008; 51(25): 2375 - 2384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Coresh, E. Selvin, L. A. Stevens, J. Manzi, J. W. Kusek, P. Eggers, F. Van Lente, and A. S. Levey Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States JAMA, November 7, 2007; 298(17): 2038 - 2047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Yoshida, H. Tomiyama, J. Yamada, Y. Koji, K. Shiina, M. Nagata, and A. Yamashina Relationships among Renal Function Loss within the Normal to Mildly Impaired Range, Arterial Stiffness, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 2(6): 1118 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ferris, S. L. Hogan, H. Chin, D. A. Shoham, D. S. Gipson, K. Gibson, S. Yilmaz, R. J. Falk, and J. C. Jennette Obesity, Albuminuria, and Urinalysis Findings in US Young Adults from the Add Health Wave III Study Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 2(6): 1207 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Inrig, B. S. Gillespie, U. D. Patel, L. P. Briley, L. She, J. D. Easton, E. Topol, and L. A. Szczech Risk for Cardiovascular Outcomes among Subjects with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Greater-than-Normal Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 2(6): 1215 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Glynn, D. Reddan, J. Newell, J. Hinde, B. Buckley, and A. W. Murphy Chronic kidney disease and mortality and morbidity among patients with established cardiovascular disease: a West of Ireland community-based cohort study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(9): 2586 - 2594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Chertow, L. B. Pupim, G. A. Block, R. Correa-Rotter, T. B. Drueke, J. Floege, W. G. Goodman, G. M. London, K. W. Mahaffey, S. M. Moe, et al. Evaluation of Cinacalcet Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE): Rationale and Design Overview Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2007; 2(5): 898 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Jafar, N. Chaturvedi, J. Hatcher, and A. S. Levey Use of albumin creatinine ratio and urine albumin concentration as a screening test for albuminuria in an Indo-Asian population Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2007; 22(8): 2194 - 2200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Ledoux, M. Monchi, J.-P. Chapelle, and P. Damas Cystatin C blood level as a risk factor for death after heart surgery Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2007; 28(15): 1848 - 1853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Schiffrin, M. L. Lipman, and J. F.E. Mann Chronic Kidney Disease: Effects on the Cardiovascular System Circulation, July 3, 2007; 116(1): 85 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Shadman, M. A. Allison, and M. H. Criqui Glomerular Filtration Rate and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide as Predictors of Cardiovascular Mortality in Vascular Patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 5, 2007; 49(22): 2172 - 2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Hayden, N. A. Chowdhury, S. A. Cooper, A. Whaley-Connell, J. Habibi, L. Witte, C. Wiedmeyer, C. M. Manrique, G. Lastra, C. Ferrario, et al. Proximal tubule microvilli remodeling and albuminuria in the Ren2 transgenic rat Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): F861 - F867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. G. Athyros, D. P. Mikhailidis, E. N. Liberopoulos, A. I. Kakafika, A. Karagiannis, A. A. Papageorgiou, K. Tziomalos, E. S. Ganotakis, and M. Elisaf Effect of statin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels and their relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: A subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2007; 22(1): 118 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-L. Gross, H.-P. Meyer, H. Ziebart, P. Rieger, U. Wenzel, K. Amann, I. Berger, M. Adamczak, P. Schirmacher, and E. Ritz Calcification of Coronary Intima and Media: Immunohistochemistry, Backscatter Imaging, and X-Ray Analysis in Renal and Nonrenal Patients Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2007; 2(1): 121 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Levey, L. A. Stevens, and T. Hostetter Automatic Reporting of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate--Just What the Doctor Ordered Clin. Chem., December 1, 2006; 52(12): 2188 - 2193. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Schwartz and S. C. Textor Early Referral for Chronic Kidney Disease: Good for Those Who Need It, but Who Are They? Mayo Clin. Proc., November 1, 2006; 81(11): 1420 - 1422. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Zalba, A. Fortuno, and J. Diez Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in early chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 2006; 21(10): 2686 - 2690. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands, M. Carnethon, S. Daniels, H. A. Franch, B. Franklin, P. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, B. Howard, et al. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2006; 26(10): 2186 - 2191. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Volkova, W. McClellan, J. M. Soucie, and A. Schoolwerth Racial disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease among incident end-stage renal disease patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2006; 21(8): 2202 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands, M. Carnethon, S. Daniels, H. A. Franch, B. Franklin, P. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, B. Howard, et al. Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1): 82 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Stevens, J. Coresh, T. Greene, and A. S. Levey Assessing kidney function--measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N. Engl. J. Med., June 8, 2006; 354(23): 2473 - 2483. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nagase, S. Shibata, S. Yoshida, T. Nagase, T. Gotoda, and T. Fujita Podocyte Injury Underlies the Glomerulopathy of Dahl Salt-Hypertensive Rats and Is Reversed by Aldosterone Blocker Hypertension, June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1084 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Uhlig, E. M. Balk, J. Lau, and A. S. Levey Clinical Practice Guidelines in nephrology--for worse or for better Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2006; 21(5): 1145 - 1153. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rahman, S. Pressel, B. R. Davis, C. Nwachuku, J. T. Wright Jr., P. K. Whelton, J. Barzilay, V. Batuman, J. H. Eckfeldt, M. A. Farber, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Stratified by Baseline Glomerular Filtration Rate Ann Intern Med, February 7, 2006; 144(3): 172 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Levey and K. Uhlig Which Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease? Ann Intern Med, February 7, 2006; 144(3): 213 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Suganuma, Y. Zuo, N. Ayabe, J. Ma, V. R. Babaev, M. F. Linton, S. Fazio, I. Ichikawa, A. B. Fogo, and V. Kon Antiatherogenic Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism in Mild Renal Dysfunction J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 433 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Toto Pressure, Waves, and Kidney Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Donors and Recipients Hypertension, February 1, 2006; 47(2): 141 - 142. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Anwaruddin, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, A. Baggish, A. Chen, D. Krauser, R. Tung, C. Chae, and J. L. Januzzi Jr Renal Function, Congestive Heart Failure, and Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement: Results From the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 91 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. H. Fox, A. Brooks, L. E. Zayas, W. McClellan, and B. Murray Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge and Practice Patterns in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: An Upstate New York Practice-based Research Network (UNYNET) Study J Am Board Fam Med, January 1, 2006; 19(1): 54 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cirillo, M. Laurenzi, M. Mancini, A. Zanchetti, and N. G. De Santo Low Muscular Mass and Overestimation of Microalbuminuria by Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio Hypertension, January 1, 2006; 47(1): 56 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Anwaruddin, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, A. Baggish, A. Chen, D. Krauser, R. Tung, C. Chae, and J. L. Januzzi Jr Renal Function, Congestive Heart Failure, and Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement: Results From the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 13, 2005; (2005) j.jacc.2005.08.051v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Grundy, J. I. Cleeman, S. R. Daniels, K. A. Donato, R. H. Eckel, B. A. Franklin, D. J. Gordon, R. M. Krauss, P. J. Savage, S. C. Smith Jr, et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement Circulation, October 25, 2005; 112(17): 2735 - 2752. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Rule and S. C. Textor Cardiovascular Risk Linked to Chronic Kidney Disease--But Who Actually Has Chronic Kidney Disease? Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2005; 80(10): 1267 - 1269. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Stevens, G. Fares, J. Fleming, D. Martin, K. Murthy, J. Qiu, P. C. Stark, K. Uhlig, F. Van Lente, and A. S. Levey Low Rates of Testing and Diagnostic Codes Usage in a Commercial Clinical Laboratory: Evidence for Lack of Physician Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2005; 16(8): 2439 - 2448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. McClellan and G. M. Chertow Beyond Framingham: Cardiovascular Risk Profiling in ESRD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2005; 16(6): 1539 - 1541. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Sarnak, R. Katz, C. O. Stehman-Breen, L. F. Fried, N. S. Jenny, B. M. Psaty, A. B. Newman, D. Siscovick, M. G. Shlipak, and and the Cardiovascular Health Study* Cystatin C Concentration as a Risk Factor for Heart Failure in Older Adults Ann Intern Med, April 5, 2005; 142(7): 497 - 505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Villeneuve and R. Sunderji Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Ann. Pharmacother., April 1, 2005; 39(4): 732 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Muntner, J. He, B. C. Astor, A. R. Folsom, and J. Coresh Traditional and Nontraditional Risk Factors Predict Coronary Heart Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2005; 16(2): 529 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Anavekar, J. J.V. McMurray, E. J. Velazquez, S. D. Solomon, L. Kober, J.-L. Rouleau, H. D. White, R. Nordlander, A. Maggioni, K. Dickstein, et al. Relation between Renal Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Myocardial Infarction N. Engl. J. Med., September 23, 2004; 351(13): 1285 - 1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Bongartz, M. J. M. Cramer, and B. Braam Letters to the Editor: The Cardiorenal Connection Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): e14 - e14. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|