Hypertension. 2006;48:180-186
Published online before print June 26, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000231507.00962.b5
Published online before print June 26, 2006, doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000231507.00962.b5
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(Hypertension. 2006;48:180.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Reviews |
Circulating Microparticles
A Potential Prognostic Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease
From the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Cardiovascular Research Center INSERM Lariboisière, Paris, France.
Correspondence to Chantal M. Boulanger, Inserm Unit 689, 41 bd de la Chapelle, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France. E-mail chantal.boulanger@larib.inserm.fr
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
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Introduction |
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Although the presence of subcellular procoagulant particles in highly centrifuged plasma has been known for many years, it was not until 1967 that shed membrane procoagulant fragments from activated platelets were described by Wolf 1 as "platelet dust." Since then, numerous studies have reported the in vitro release of vesicles from activated or apoptotic cells and their presence in human plasma. Among the different membrane vesicles that cells could release, "microparticles" (MPs) usually refer to those >100 nm in diameter (Figure 1) and derived from the plasma membrane. Smaller vesicles (40 to 100 nm) originating from the endoplasmic membranes are described as "exosomes," and larger particles (>1.5 µm) containing nuclear material are best known as "apoptotic bodies."2–4 Both MPs and apoptotic bodies externalize the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine, which plays a crucial role in the activation of both coagulation and complement cascades and supports the binding and activity of secreted phospholipase A2.
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This brief review summarizes the mechanisms leading to the formation and release of MPs, as well as the different approaches to detect their cellular origin in human plasma. This article also discusses the significance of circulating MPs of endothelial origin as both a marker and a trigger of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases and the possible prognostic value of plasma MPs to assess cardiovascular risk.
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Mechanisms of MP Formation and Release |
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The current knowledge on MP formation derives mainly from experiments on
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