Published online before print September 4, 2007, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095471
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Hypertension. 2007;50:693.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Articles |
Gender-Specific Associations of Short Sleep Duration With Prevalent and Incident Hypertension
The Whitehall II Study
From the Clinical Sciences Research Institute (F.P.C., S.S., N-B.K., M.A.M., F.M.T.), Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; and the International Centre for Health and Society (M.K., J.E.F., M.J.S., E.J.B., M.G.M.), University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Correspondence to Francesco P. Cappuccio, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, UHCW Campus, Clifford Bridge Rd, Coventry CV2 2DX, United Kingdom. E-mail sleepresearch{at}warwick.ac.uk
Sleep deprivation (
5 hour per night) was associated with a higher risk of hypertension in middle-aged American adults but not among older individuals. However, the outcome was based on self-reported diagnosis of incident hypertension, and no gender-specific analyses were included. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations of sleep duration with prevalent and incident hypertension in a cohort of 10 308 British civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). Data were gathered from phase 5 (1997–1999) and phase 7 (2003–2004). Sleep duration and other covariates were assessed at phase 5. At both examinations, hypertension was defined as blood pressure 
140/90 mm Hg or regular use of antihypertensive medications. In cross-sectional analyses at phase 5 (n=5766), short duration of sleep (5 hour per night) was associated with higher risk of hypertension compared with the group sleeping 7 hours, among women (odds ratio: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.58), independent of confounders, with an inverse linear trend across decreasing hours of sleep (P=0.003). No association was detected in men. In prospective analyses (mean follow-up: 5 years), the cumulative incidence of hypertension was 20.0% (n=740) among 3691 normotensive individuals at phase 5. In women, short duration of sleep was associated with a higher risk of hypertension in a reduced model (age and employment) (6 hours per night: odds ratio: 1.56 [95% CI: 1.07 to 2.27]; 5 hour per night: odds ratio: 1.94 [95% CI: 1.08 to 3.50] versus 7 hours). The associations were attenuated after accounting for cardiovascular risk factors and psychiatric comorbidities (odds ratio: 1.42 [95% CI: 0.94 to 2.16]; odds ratio: 1.31 [95% CI: 0.65 to 2.63], respectively). Sleep deprivation may produce detrimental cardiovascular effects among women.
Key Words: sleep duration • blood pressure • hypertension • gender differences • confounders • comorbidities
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. Anagnostis, V. G. Athyros, K. Tziomalos, A. Karagiannis, and D. P. Mikhailidis The Pathogenetic Role of Cortisol in the Metabolic Syndrome: A Hypothesis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2009; 94(8): 2692 - 2701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Knutson, E. Van Cauter, P. J. Rathouz, L. L. Yan, S. B. Hulley, K. Liu, and D. S. Lauderdale Association Between Sleep and Blood Pressure in Midlife: The CARDIA Sleep Study Arch Intern Med, June 8, 2009; 169(11): 1055 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Stranges, J. M. Dorn, M. J. Shipley, N.-B. Kandala, M. Trevisan, M. A. Miller, R. P. Donahue, K. M. Hovey, J. E. Ferrie, M. G. Marmot, et al. Correlates of Short and Long Sleep Duration: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between the United Kingdom and the United States: The Whitehall II Study and the Western New York Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2008; 168(12): 1353 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Shankar, W.-P. Koh, J.-M. Yuan, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Sleep Duration and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Chinese Adults in Singapore: A Population-based Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2008; 168(12): 1367 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Eguchi, T. G. Pickering, J. E. Schwartz, S. Hoshide, J. Ishikawa, S. Ishikawa, K. Shimada, and K. Kario Short Sleep Duration as an Independent Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Japanese Patients With Hypertension Arch Intern Med, November 10, 2008; 168(20): 2225 - 2231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Virtanen, J. Vahtera, U. Broms, L. Sillanmaki, M. Kivimaki, and M. Koskenvuo Employment trajectory as determinant of change in health-related lifestyle: the prospective HeSSup study Eur J Public Health, October 1, 2008; 18(5): 504 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Javaheri, A. Storfer-Isser, C. L. Rosen, and S. Redline Sleep Quality and Elevated Blood Pressure in Adolescents Circulation, September 2, 2008; 118(10): 1034 - 1040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Stang, S. Moebus, S. Mohlenkamp, R. Erbel, K. H. Jockel, and on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Invest Gender-Specific Associations of Short Sleep Duration With Prevalent Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2008; 51(3): e15 - e16. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. P. Cappuccio and S. Stranges Response to Gender-Specific Associations of Short Sleep Duration With Prevalent Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2008; 51(3): e17 - e17. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Less Sleep = More Hypertension Journal Watch Women's Health, November 8, 2007; 2007(1108): 2 - 2. [Full Text]
|
|