Published Online
on August 27, 2007

A more recent version of this article appeared on October 1, 2007

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Submitted on April 2, 2007
Revised on April 23, 2007

Estrogen Protects Against Increased Blood Pressure in Postpubertal Female Growth Restricted Offspring

Norma B. Ojeda; Daniela Grigore; Elliott B. Robertson; and Barbara T. Alexander^*

From the Department of Physiology and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: balexander{at}physiology.umsmed.edu.

Abstract—Placental insufficiency in the rat results in intrauterine growth restriction and development of hypertension in prepubertal male and female growth-restricted offspring. However, after puberty, only male growth-restricted offspring remain hypertensive, whereas female growth-restricted offspring stabilize their blood pressure to levels comparable to adult female controls. Because female rats reach their maximum levels of estrogen at puberty, we hypothesize that estrogen may be a factor involved in the stabilization of blood pressure in adult female growth-restricted offspring. At 10 weeks of age, female control and growth-restricted offspring underwent ovariectomy or sham surgery and insertion of a telemetry probe. Mean arterial pressure was similar at 16 weeks of age between control (123±4 mm Hg) and growth-restricted offspring (122±2 mm Hg); however, ovariectomy led to a significant increase in blood pressure in growth-restricted offspring (140±2 mm Hg; P<0.05 versus intact counterpart) with no significant effect in controls (124±1 mm Hg). Estrogen replacement by subcutaneous minipellet initiated at 14 weeks of age in a subset of ovariectomized control and growth-restricted offspring reversed the effect of ovariectomy on blood pressure in growth-restricted offspring at 16 weeks of age (111±3 mm Hg; P<0.05 versus ovariectomized counterpart); renin angiotensin system blockade also abolished ovariectomy-induced hypertension in female growth-restricted offspring (106±2 mm Hg; P<0.05 versus ovariectomized counterpart). Therefore, sex differences are observed in this model of fetal programmed hypertension, and results from this study suggest that estrogen contributes to normalization of blood pressure in adult female growth-restricted offspring.

Key words: fetal programming • intrauterine growth restriction • ovariectomy • estrogen • renin angiotensin system

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Mechanisms of Fetal Programming of Adult Hypertension: Role of Sex Hormones

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