Scientific Contributions

Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Blood Pressure Tracking in the Framingham Heart Study

Michael H. Freitag, Martin G. Larson, Daniel Levy, Emelia J. Benjamin, Thomas J. Wang, Eric P. Leip, Peter W.F. Wilson, Ramachandran S. Vasan
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000061116.20490.8D
Hypertension. 2003;41:978-983
Originally published April 1, 2003

Jump to

Abstract

Increased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression in the ventricles antedates elevated blood pressure (BP) in experimental studies. We hypothesized that higher plasma BNP levels in nonhypertensive individuals may be associated with a greater likelihood of future BP increase and/or hypertension. We evaluated the relations of plasma BNP to longitudinal BP tracking and incidence of hypertension in 1801 nonhypertensive Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age, 56 years; 57% women) by using gender-specific multivariable logistic regression. Progression of BP stage was defined as an increment of one or more BP categories, as classified by the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medications. On follow-up 4 years from baseline, progression of BP category was observed in 36.2% of men and 33.1% of women; hypertension developed in 16.4% of men and 15.5% of women. In multivariable models adjusting for known risk factors, elevated plasma BNP level was associated with increased risk of BP progression in men (odds ratio of 1.15 for trend across categories, P=0.046) but not in women (P=0.82). There were no significant trends of increasing incidence of hypertension across BNP categories in men or women. In our community-based sample, higher plasma BNP levels were associated with increased risk of BP progression in men but not women. Additional investigations are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the basis for these gender-related differences.

The natriuretic peptide (NP) family plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation through direct vasodilator, diuretic, and natriuretic properties.1,2 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), in particular, is a sensitive indicator of ventricular wall stress.3–6 Experimental studies suggest that induction of BNP gene expression is one of the earliest responses to hemodynamic pressure overload and occurs before the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy.7 Indeed, in spontaneously hypertensive rats, increased BNP expression antedates the development of hypertension itself and precedes LV hypertrophy.8 Therefore, it is not surprising that in several cross-sectional studies, plasma BNP and atrial natriuretic peptide levels have been reported to be elevated in subjects with hypertension and in individuals with LV hypertrophy.9–15 To our knowledge, the relations of plasma BNP levels to the incidence of hypertension or to longitudinal blood pressure tracking in the community have not been investigated.

Investigators have reported that individuals prone to development of high blood pressure often have a hyperdynamic circulation antedating the onset of hypertension by several years.16 Other researchers have underscored the role of increased conduit artery stiffness as a precursor of systolic hypertension in middle-aged and elderly individuals.17 The recent demonstration of favorable effects of BNP on vascular smooth muscle cells and conduit artery properties18,19 and the favorable effect of neutral endopeptidase inhibitors (that increase BNP levels) on conduit artery stiffness20 support the notion that plasma BNP may be an important correlate of altered vascular wall properties.

We hypothesized that hypertension-prone individuals may have higher levels of plasma BNP as a result of elevated ventricular wall stress or increased vascular stiffness early in the course of the disease. If this hypothesis is true, plasma BNP level could serve as a marker of future hypertension risk. Accordingly, we evaluated the relation of plasma BNP obtained at a routine examination to longitudinal changes in blood pressure on follow-up (including the incidence of hypertension) in a large community-based sample of nonhypertensive individuals.

Methods

Subjects

The Framingham Offspring Study is a prospective cohort study established in 1971 to evaluate potential risk factors for coronary heart disease in 5124 participants.21 The sample for the present investigation consisted of all 3532 Framingham Offspring Study participants who attended the sixth examination cycle between 1995 and 1998.

Subjects were excluded from the present investigation for the following reasons, in hierarchical fashion: hypertension, as defined by the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)22 and the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH)23 (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medication) (n=1468); missing blood pressure at the baseline examination (n=11); nonattendance, missing blood pressure, or missing covariates at the next follow-up Heart Study visit (examination cycle 7) 4 years later (n=186); prevalent heart failure/recognized myocardial infarction (n=39); atrial fibrillation (n=21); serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL (n=1) at the baseline examination; and unavailable plasma BNP levels (n=5). We excluded individuals with heart failure or myocardial infarction at baseline because these conditions (and medications used to treat them) may be associated with lower blood pressure but elevated plasma BNP levels. After these exclusions, 1801 subjects (mean age, 56 years; 57.5% women) remained eligible. Informed consent was obtained from study participants, and the research protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Boston University School of Medicine.

Baseline Measurements

At the index examination, all attendees underwent a routine physical examination, anthropometry, electrocardiography, laboratory assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors, and transthoracic echocardiography. A physician using a standardized protocol measured systolic and diastolic blood pressures twice in the left arm of seated subjects with a mercury column sphygmomanometer. The average of 2 such readings constituted the examination blood pressure. Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.

At baseline, eligible subjects were categorized into 3 groups, based on their examination blood pressure: optimal (systolic <120 mm Hg and diastolic <80 mm Hg), normal (systolic 120 to 129 mm Hg or diastolic 80 to 84 mm Hg), or high normal blood pressure (systolic 130 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic 85 to 89 mm Hg).22 Left ventricular mass was calculated on the basis of results of M-mode echocardiography: LV mass=0.8 [1.04 (LVIDD+IVST+PWT)3−(LVIDD)3]+0.6, where LVIDD represents LV end-diastolic internal dimension and IVST and PWT indicate the end-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and LV posterior wall, respectively.24

Plasma BNP Measurements

At the baseline examination, venous blood was drawn from fasting study subjects between 8 am and 9 am. Specimens were drawn into ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid containing tubes and immediately stored at −70°C without repeat freeze-thaw cycles until their assay in 1998. A noncompetitive immunoradiometric assay based on a 2-site sandwich antibody system (Shionogi) was used to measure BNP levels from unextracted plasma. The lower limit of the measurement of BNP for the assay was 4 pg/mL, with an average interassay coefficient of variation of 12.2%.

Blood Pressure Outcomes on Follow-Up

Approximately 4 years after the baseline examination, study subjects attended the seventh examination cycle (1998 to 2001), on which occasion they underwent routine assessment of blood pressure (using the same standardized protocol as at the prior examination). Blood pressure was reclassified according to JNC VI categories/WHO-ISH grades.22,23 We examined occurrence of 2 different blood pressure outcomes: (1) progression of blood pressure by one or more JNC VI categories on follow-up22 and (2) incidence of hypertension.22

Statistical Analyses

At baseline, subjects were divided into 4 categories, based on the distribution of plasma BNP values. All analyses were gender-specific because of differences in plasma BNP values between the 2 genders.25 Because of the truncation of plasma BNP values at the lower detection limit of the assay, we defined all individuals with plasma BNP values equal to 4 pg/mL as category 1. We then divided the remaining subjects into 3 equal categories, based on their plasma BNP values.

We used gender-specific logistic regression models to examine the relations of plasma BNP category at baseline to the risk of developing the blood pressure outcomes on follow-up. Separate analyses were performed for each blood pressure outcome. The multivariable models adjusted for the following covariates (all defined at baseline) that are known to influence plasma BNP levels25 as well as blood pressure and blood pressure changes over time26: age, blood pressure category, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and body mass index (BMI). The criteria for these covariates have been previously defined.21 We examined multicategory models in which risk of a blood pressure outcome in each of categories 2 to 4 was compared with that in category 1. We also evaluated trend models that tested for a linear trend for increased risk of developing the blood pressure outcomes across categories of plasma BNP.

Additional Analyses

Because low plasma BNP levels may be associated with increased hypertension risk,4 statistical models incorporating squared terms for BNP were constructed to evaluate potential U-shaped relations between plasma BNP and the blood pressure outcomes. We performed secondary analyses in which we adjusted for left ventricular mass (LV mass), in addition to all other covariates defined above, because plasma BNP is associated positively with LV mass, and increased LV mass has been associated with incidence of hypertension in some prior reports.27,28

Because prior investigators have reported low plasma BNP levels in obese hypertensives,4 we examined statistical models incorporating interaction terms (BNP×BMI) to assess effect modification by BMI.

A 2-sided probability value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the use of SAS statistical software on a SUN Ultra-Sparc computer (Sun Microsystems Inc).29

Results

Baseline Characteristics of Study Subjects

The baseline characteristics of our study subjects are displayed in Table 1. More than 50% of the women and ≈40% of the men had optimal blood pressure (as defined by the JNC VI/WHO-ISH guidelines)22,23 at the baseline examination. A very small proportion of subjects were using diuretics (0.9%) or β-blocking agents (2.5%) for indications other than high blood pressure. Although subjects with a recognized myocardial infarction were excluded at baseline, a small proportion of participants (1.6%) had other manifestations of coronary heart disease.

View this table:

TABLE 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Sample

BNP and Increase in Blood Pressure Category on Follow-Up

On follow-up, 277 men (36.2%) and 343 women (33.1%) had an increase to a higher JNC VI blood pressure category. The proportions of individuals within each blood pressure category who had progression of blood pressure are shown in Table 2.

View this table:

TABLE 2. Plasma BNP Categories and 4-Year Incidence of Blood Pressure Outcomes

In men, in multivariable models comparing each plasma BNP category with the first, risk of progression to a higher blood pressure category was increased in the third and fourth categories of plasma BNP (point estimates of the odds ratio exceeded 1), but the results were not statistically significant (Table 3). However, in models evaluating trend for blood pressure increase across categories of plasma BNP, there was a 15% increased risk of progression to a higher blood pressure group per category increase in plasma BNP (Table 3, P=0.046). The association of plasma BNP category with progression of blood pressure category persisted after adjustment for baseline LV mass (odds ratio for trend across categories of 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.32; P=0.04).

View this table:

TABLE 3. Risk of Progression by One or More JNC VI Blood Pressure Stage According to Plasma BNP Levels at Baseline

In women, plasma BNP was not associated with blood pressure progression in multivariable analyses (Table 3).

BNP and Progression to Hypertension

At the next examination 4 years from baseline, 126 men (16.4%) and 160 women (15.5%) were hypertensive. The proportions of individuals within each blood pressure category who had hypertension are shown in Table 2. After adjusting for other covariates, plasma BNP category was not related to the incidence of hypertension in either men or women (Table 4).

View this table:

TABLE 4. Risk of Developing Hypertension According to Plasma BNP Levels at Baseline

Additional Analyses

We did not find any evidence of a U-shaped relation of plasma BNP and risk of blood pressure progression or incidence of hypertension in either gender (all probability values >0.35). Furthermore, there was no evidence of effect modification by BMI in either gender and for either blood pressure outcome (probability value for interaction terms exceeded 0.10). In secondary analyses adjusting for the use of diuretics or β-blocking drugs and for prevalent coronary disease at baseline, the association of plasma BNP with blood pressure progression in men was maintained.

Statistical Power to Assess Risk of Blood Pressure Outcomes

Given that change in blood pressure category was related to plasma BNP levels in men but not women and that incidence of hypertension was not significantly related to plasma BNP levels in either gender, we assessed our statistical power to detect these associations. In women, we had >80% power to detect an odds ratio of 1.20 for increase in blood pressure category on follow-up across plasma BNP groups at an α level of 0.05 (an effect size similar to that noted in men). However, we had limited statistical power to detect modest effects (odds ratio of 1.30 or less for trend across plasma BNP categories) of plasma BNP levels on hypertension incidence in both men and women. Statistical power to detect an increasing trend for hypertension incidence across plasma BNP categories (at an α level of 0.05) varied from: in men, 0.79 for an odds ratio of 1.30 but 0.48 for an odds ratio of 1.20; in women, 0.81 for an odds ratio of 1.30 but 0.51 for an odds ratio of 1.20.

Discussion

A large body of evidence supports a key role for natriuretic peptides in blood pressure regulation,1 yet clinical studies of natriuretic peptides and blood pressure have yielded conflicting results. In most reports, hypertensive individuals tend to have higher plasma BNP levels relative to their nonhypertensive counterparts.10 However, some investigators have reported that hypertensive individuals (especially the obese) may have low plasma natriuretic peptide levels, that is, they have a “natriuretic handicap.”4,30 Still others have reported no relations of plasma natriuretic peptides to blood pressure.31 A potential reason for these conflicting results is that prior studies were cross-sectional and limited by selection bias (examination of hypertensive patients with varying durations and degrees of blood pressure elevation and confounded by treatment effects) and small samples.13–15 We sought to examine the relations of plasma BNP levels to longitudinal blood pressure tracking in a large community-based sample of nonhypertensive individuals.

Principal Findings

In our investigation, increased baseline plasma BNP levels were significantly associated with higher odds of blood pressure progression on follow-up in men but not in women. We did not observe any effect modification by BMI, and the results were not attenuated by adjustment for echocardiographic LV mass.

There was no significant association of plasma BNP levels with incidence of hypertension in either gender. The lack of association with hypertension incidence (in contrast to the significant findings for BP progression in men) must be interpreted with caution. Our investigation had limited statistical power to detect modest influences of plasma BNP levels on the incidence of hypertension in either gender.

Plasma BNP and Blood Pressure Tracking: Potential Mechanisms and Gender Differences

It is important to consider potential explanations for the observed relations of higher plasma BNP levels to greater blood pressure progression in men. In experimental studies, underexpression of the BNP gene (or the natriuretic peptide receptor-A) is associated with hypertension,32,33 whereas overexpression of BNP34 or the administration of NP (or inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase that degrades NP)35 results in lowering of blood pressure. However, the natriuretic peptides have a vital counterregulatory role in clinical settings. Elevations of blood pressure and increased ventricular and vascular wall stress typically trigger an upregulation of BNP gene expression.36 We speculate that increased plasma BNP levels are a marker of elevated ventricular wall stress and/or of increased vascular stiffness that may antedate or be closely related to subsequent blood pressure increase.

The lack of association of plasma BNP and blood pressure progression in women (in contrast to the significant relations observed in men) merits comment. It is important to note that we had more women than men in our sample, and our investigation had reasonable statistical power to detect modest associations of plasma BNP with blood pressure progression in women. Perhaps gender-related differences in BNP responses to hemodynamic stress may contribute to this observation. Luchner et al37 have recently demonstrated that women have a lesser degree of plasma BNP elevation compared with men for the same level of LV dysfunction or hypertrophy.

Strengths and Limitations

The large community-based sample of nonhypertensive individuals, standardized assessment of blood pressure at baseline and on follow-up, and the multivariable analyses adjusting for factors known to influence both BNP levels25 and blood pressure progression26 strengthen the present investigation. Several limitations of our study should be acknowledged. As noted above, we had limited statistical power to examine relations of plasma BNP to hypertension incidence. Possibly, the elapsed time of 4 years between the 2 examinations was long enough to note a significant effect of plasma BNP levels on blood pressure progression but too short to observe any influence on hypertension incidence (blood pressure progression being a more common occurrence). Additional analyses over longer periods of time, or of larger samples will be necessary to assess the association of plasma BNP and incidence of hypertension more definitively. The lower detection limit of the BNP assay was 4 pg/mL in this study and a considerable proportion of subjects (47% of men and 28% of women) had values at this level. Therefore, potential effects of lower plasma BNP levels on blood pressure changes might have been underestimated in this group. The truncation of plasma BNP levels and the large number of variables that influence both plasma BNP and blood pressure could have hampered our investigation of possible U-shaped relations of plasma BNP to blood pressure.

Perspectives

It is well known that individuals with normal and high normal blood pressure progress to hypertension. However, there is considerable interindividual variability in the rates of such progression.26 It would be useful to have a biomarker that could serve as a reliable indicator of risk of blood pressure progression above and beyond other clinical determinants. Such a biomarker should be inexpensive and easily assayed, have narrow intraindividual physiological variation, be a good indicator of the likelihood of blood pressure progression, and serve as a reliable correlate of target organ damage or clinical outcome. If such a biomarker were to exist, it could be used to risk-stratify individuals with normal and high normal blood pressure who could be targeted for aggressive nonpharmacological treatment. Plasma BNP is a candidate biomarker based on cross-sectional associations with blood pressure measures. The next step is to examine whether blood levels for the marker are associated with longitudinal blood pressure progression. In our investigation, the association of BNP with blood pressure progression, although statistically significant, was weak and restricted to men. Additional larger, adequately powered studies are needed to confirm this association, to examine the basis of the gender-differences in findings, and further assess the relations of BNP to incidence of hypertension and target organ damage.

Conclusions

In our community-based sample, elevated plasma BNP levels at baseline were significantly associated with increase in blood pressure category (progression) on follow-up in men but not in women. These observations raise the possibility that elevated plasma BNP may indicate a greater likelihood of future blood pressure increase in men. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI) contract NO1-HC-25195. Dr Vasan was supported in part by a research career award K24 HL04334 from NIH/NHLBI.

  • Received November 27, 2002.
  • Revision received December 26, 2002.
  • Accepted January 31, 2003.

References

  1. ↵
    Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 321–328.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    Melo LG, Pang SC, Ackermann U. Atrial natriuretic peptide: regulator of chronic arterial blood pressure. News Physiol Sci. 2000; 15: 143–149.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. ↵
    Hirata Y, Matsumoto A, Aoyagi T, Yamaoki K, Komuro I, Suzuki T, Ashida T, Sugiyama T, Hada Y, Kuwajima I, Nishinaga M, Akioka H, Nakajima O, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. Measurement of plasma brain natriuretic peptide level as a guide for cardiac overload. Cardiovasc Res. 2001; 51: 585–591.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    Dessi-Fulgheri P, Sarzani R, Rappelli A. The natriuretic peptide system in obesity-related hypertension: new pathophysiological aspects. J Nephrol. 1998; 11: 296–299.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. ↵
    Ogawa T, Linz W, Stevenson M, Bruneau BG, Kuroski de Bold ML, Chen JH, Eid H, Scholkens BA, de Bold AJ. Evidence for load-dependent and load-independent determinants of cardiac natriuretic peptide production. Circulation. 1996; 93: 2059–2067.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    Rubattu S, Volpe M. The atrial natriuretic peptide: a changing view. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 1923–1931.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    Marttila M, Hautala N, Paradis P, Toth M, Vuolteenaho O, Nemer M, Ruskoaho H. GATA4 mediates activation of the B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression in response to hemodynamic stress. Endocrinology. 2001; 142: 4693–4700.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    Kuroski de Bold ML. Atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic peptide gene expression in the spontaneous hypertensive rat during postnatal development. Am J Hypertens. 1998; 11: 1006–1018.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    Sagnella GA. Measurement and significance of circulating natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci. 1998; 95: 519–529.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. ↵
    Buckley MG, Markandu ND, Miller MA, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA. Plasma concentrations and comparisons of brain and atrial natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 1993; 7: 245–250.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  11. ↵
    Kohno M, Horio T, Yokokawa K, Murakawa K, Yasunari K, Akioka K, Tahara A, Toda I, Takeuchi K, Kurihara N. Brain natriuretic peptide as a cardiac hormone in essential hypertension. Am J Med. 1992; 92: 29–34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    Nakamura T, Ichikawa S, Sakamaki T, Fujie M, Yagi A, Kurashina T, Murata K. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with borderline and essential hypertension. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1988; 154: 205–213.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. ↵
    Wambach G, Gotz S, Suckau G, Bonner G, Kaufmann W. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide are raised in essential hypertension during low and high sodium intake. Klin Wochenschr. 1987; 65: 232–237.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. ↵
    Montorsi P, Tonolo G, Polonia J, Hepburn D, Richards AM. Correlates of plasma atrial natriuretic factor in health and hypertension. Hypertension. 1987; 10: 570–576.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. ↵
    Nishikimi T, Yoshihara F, Morimoto A, Ishikawa K, Ishimitsu T, Saito Y, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Omae T, Matsuoka H. Relationship between left ventricular geometry and natriuretic peptide levels in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1996; 28: 22–30.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. ↵
    Lund-Johansen P. The haemodynamic pattern in mild and borderline hypertension. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1983; 686: 15–21.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  17. ↵
    Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA, Riley WA, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Heiss G. Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension: the ARIC Study. Hypertension. 1999; 34: 201–206.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. ↵
    Mourlon-Le Grand MC, Poitevin P, Benessiano J, Duriez M, Michel JB, Levy BI. Effect of a nonhypotensive long-term infusion of ANP on the mechanical and structural properties of the arterial wall in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993; 13: 640–650.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    Schirger JA, Grantham JA, Kullo IJ, Jougasaki M, Wennberg PW, Chen HH, Lisy O, Miller V, Simari RD, John C. Vascular actions of brain natriuretic peptide: modulation by atherosclerosis and neutral endopeptidase inhibition. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 796–801.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    Mitchell GF, Izzo JL Jr, Lacourciere Y, Ouellet JP, Neutel J, Qian C, Kerwin LJ, Block AJ, Pfeffer MA. Omapatrilat reduces pulse pressure and proximal aortic stiffness in patients with systolic hypertension: results of the Conduit Hemodynamics of Omapatrilat International Research Study. Circulation. 2002; 105: 2955–2961.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    Kannel WB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. An investigation of coronary heart disease in families: the Framingham offspring study. Am J Epidemiol. 1979; 110: 281–290.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    Sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157: 2413–2446.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. ↵
    1999 World Health Organization–International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee J Hypertens. 1999; 17: 151–183.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. ↵
    Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 450–458.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    Wang T, Larson MG, Levy D, Leip EP, Benjamin EJ, Wilson PWF, Sutherland P, Omland T, Vasan RS. Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90: 254–258.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001; 358: 1682–1686.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. ↵
    Post WS, Larson MG, Levy D. Impact of left ventricular structure on the incidence of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994; 90: 179–185.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    Iso H, Kiyama M, Doi M, Nakanishi N, Kitamura A, Naito Y, Sato S, Iida M, Konishi M, Shimamoto T. Left ventricular mass and subsequent blood pressure changes among middle-aged men in rural and urban Japanese populations. Circulation. 1994; 89: 1717–1724.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. ↵
    SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 8. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1999.
  30. ↵
    Talartschik J, Eisenhauer T, Schrader J, Schoel G, Buhr-Schinner H, Scheler F. Low atrial natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations in 100 patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990; 3: 45–47.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. ↵
    Flickinger AL, Burnett JC Jr, Turner ST. Atrial natriuretic peptide and blood pressure in a population-based sample. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995; 70: 932–938.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    John SW, Krege JH, Oliver PM, Hagaman JR, Hodgin JB, Pang SC, Flynn TG, Smithies O. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt-sensitive hypertension. Science. 1995; 267: 679–681.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  33. ↵
    Lopez MJ, Wong SK, Kishimoto I, Dubois S, Mach V, Friesen J, Garbers DL, Beuve A. Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Nature. 1995; 378: 65–68.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    Steinhelper ME, Cochrane KL, Field LJ. Hypotension in transgenic mice expressing atrial natriuretic factor fusion genes. Hypertension. 1990; 16: 301–307.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  35. ↵
    Hunt PJ, Espiner EA, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Yandle TG. Differing biological effects of equimolar atrial and brain natriuretic peptide infusions in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 3871–3876.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. ↵
    Magga J, Vuolteenaho O, Marttila M, Ruskoaho H. Endothelin-1 is involved in stretch-induced early activation of B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression in atrial but not in ventricular myocytes: acute effects of mixed ET(A)/ET(B) and AT1 receptor antagonists in vivo and in vitro. Circulation. 1997; 96: 3053–3062.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    Luchner A, Brockel U, Muscholl M, Hense HW, Doring A, Riegger GA, Schunkert H. Gender-specific differences of cardiac remodeling in subjects with left ventricular dysfunction: a population-based study. Cardiovasc Res. 2002; 53: 720–727.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
View Abstract

This Issue

Jump to

Article Tools

Share this Article

  • Email
  • Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Blood Pressure Tracking in the Framingham Heart Study
    Michael H. Freitag, Martin G. Larson, Daniel Levy, Emelia J. Benjamin, Thomas J. Wang, Eric P. Leip, Peter W.F. Wilson and Ramachandran S. Vasan
    Hypertension. 2003;41:978-983, originally published April 1, 2003
    https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000061116.20490.8D
    Permalink:
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo

Related Articles

Cited By...

Subjects